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Heraclitus of Ephesus (; (ギリシア語:Ἡράκλειτος ὁ Ἐφέσιος), ; c. 535 – c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the apparently riddled〔 and allegedly paradoxical〔(William Harris — Heraclitus: The Complete Philosophical Fragments )〕 nature of his philosophy and his stress upon the needless unconsciousness of humankind,〔"The waking have one common world, but the sleeping turn aside each into a world of his own" (DK B89).〕 he was called "The Obscure" and the "Weeping Philosopher". Heraclitus was famous for his insistence on ever-present change as being the fundamental essence of the universe, as stated in the famous saying, "No man ever steps in the same river twice"〔This is how Plato puts Heraclitus' doctrine. See ''Cratylus'', 402a.〕 (see panta rhei, below). This position was complemented by his stark commitment to a unity of opposites in the world, stating that "the path up and down are one and the same". Through these doctrines Heraclitus characterized all existing entities by pairs of contrary properties, whereby no entity may ever occupy a single state at a single time. This, along with his cryptic utterance that "all entities come to be in accordance with this ''Logos''" (literally, "word", "reason", or "account") has been the subject of numerous interpretations. ==Life== The main source for the life of Heraclitus is Diogenes Laërtius, although some have questioned the validity of his account as "''a tissue of Hellenistic anecdotes, most of them obviously fabricated on the basis of statements in the preserved fragments''." Diogenes said that Heraclitus flourished in the 69th Olympiad,〔Diogenes Laërtius, ix. 1〕 504–501 BCE. All the rest of the evidence — the people Heraclitus is said to have known, or the people who were familiar with his work — confirms the ''floruit''. His dates of birth and death are based on a life span of 60 years, the age at which Diogenes says he died,〔Diogenes Laërtius, ix. 3〕 with the floruit in the middle. Heraclitus was born to an aristocratic family in Ephesus, Anatolia, in what is now called present-day Efes, Turkey. His father was named either Blosôn or Herakôn.〔 Diogenes says that he abdicated the kingship (''basileia'') in favor of his brother〔Diogenes Laërtius, ix. 6〕 and Strabo confirms that there was a ruling family in Ephesus descended from the Ionian founder, Androclus, which still kept the title and could sit in the chief seat at the games, as well as a few other privileges.〔Strabo, Chapter 1, section 3.〕 How much power the king had is another question. Ephesus had been part of the Persian Empire since 547 and was ruled by a satrap, a more distant figure, as the Great King allowed the Ionians considerable autonomy. Diogenes says that Heraclitus used to play knucklebones with the youths in the temple of Artemis and when asked to start making laws he refused saying that the constitution (''politeia'') was ''ponêra'',〔Diogenes Laërtius, ix. 2〕 which can mean either that it was fundamentally wrong or that he considered it toilsome. Two extant letters between Heraclitus and Darius I, quoted by Diogenes, are undoubtedly later forgeries.〔G. S. Kirk (2010), ''Heraclitus: The Cosmic Fragments'', Cambridge University Press, p. 1. ISBN 0521136679〕 With regard to education, Diogenes says that Heraclitus was "wondrous" (''thaumasios'', which, as Plato explains in the ''Theaetetus'' and elsewhere, is the beginning of philosophy) from childhood. Diogenes relates that Sotion said he was a "hearer" of Xenophanes, which contradicts Heraclitus' statement (so says Diogenes) that he had taught himself by questioning himself. Burnet states in any case that "... Xenophanes left Ionia before Herakleitos was born."〔Chapter 3 beginning.〕 Diogenes relates that as a boy Heraclitus had said he "knew nothing" but later claimed to "know everything."〔Diogenes Laërtius, ix. 5〕 His statement that he "heard no one" but "questioned himself," can be placed alongside his statement that "the things that can be seen, heard and learned are what I prize the most."〔DK B55.〕 Diogenes relates that Heraclitus had a poor opinion of human affairs.〔 He believed that Hesiod and Pythagoras lacked understanding though learned〔DK B40.〕 and that Homer and Archilochus deserved to be beaten.〔DK B42.〕 Laws needed to be defended as though they were city walls.〔DK B44.〕 Timon is said to have called him a "mob-reviler." Heraclitus hated the Athenians and his fellow Ephesians, wishing the latter wealth in punishment for their wicked ways.〔DK B125a.〕 Says Diogenes: "Finally, he became a hater of his kind (''misanthrope'') and wandered the mountains ... making his diet of grass and herbs." Heraclitus' life as a philosopher was interrupted by dropsy. The physicians he consulted were unable to prescribe a cure. He treated himself with a liniment of cow manure and baking in the sun, believing that this method would remove the fluid. After a day of treatment he died and was interred in the marketplace.〔Diogenes Laërtius, ix. 4〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Heraclitus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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