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Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel (6 November 1870 – 5 February 1963), was a British Liberal politician who was the party leader from 1931-35. He was the first nominally practising Jew to serve as a Cabinet minister and to become the leader of a major British political party (although he was noted for his personal atheism), and the last member of the Liberal Party to hold one of the four Great Offices of State.〔http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/oct/31/conservatives.politicalcolumnists〕 He also served as a diplomat. One of the adherents of “New Liberalism,”〔https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Xe1GAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA127&dq=herbert+samuel+new+liberal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEgQ6AEwB2oVChMI0JDdspSLxwIVyBXbCh1mdwqt#v=onepage&q=herbert%20samuel%20new%20liberal&f=false〕 Samuel helped to draft and present social reform legislation while serving as a Liberal cabinet member.〔https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GgGDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA206&dq=herbert+samuel+new+liberalism+probation&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAmoVChMImNTao4KLxwIVJoHbCh1vogw7#v=onepage&q=herbert%20samuel%20new%20liberalism%20probation&f=false〕 ==Biography== Herbert Samuel was born at ''Claremont'' No. 11 Belvidere Road, Toxteth, Liverpool, Lancashire, in 1870. The building now houses part of the Belvedere Academy. He was the brother of Sir Stuart Samuel. He was educated at University College School in Hampstead, London and Balliol College, Oxford. He had a religious Jewish upbringing but in 1892 while at Oxford he renounced all religious belief, and wrote to his Jewish mother to inform her. He had been influenced by the work of Charles Darwin and the book ''On Compromise'' by senior Liberal politician John Morley.〔Memoirs by Viscount Samuel (1945)〕 However, he remained a member of the Jewish community to please his wife, and kept kosher and the Sabbath "for hygienic reasons."〔Wasserstein, Bernard, ''"Herbert Samuel: A Political Life"'' 1992, p.9. Cited by Huneidi, Sahar "A Broken Trust, Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians", 2001. p.80〕 Samuel unsuccessfully fought two general elections before being elected a Member of Parliament at the Cleveland by-election, 1902, as a member of the Liberal Party. He was appointed to the Cabinet in 1909 by Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith, first as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and then later as Postmaster General, President of the Local Government Board, and eventually Home Secretary. He put forward the idea of establishing a British Protectorate over Palestine in 1915 and his ideas influenced the Balfour Declaration. As Home Secretary, Samuel faced a shortage of manpower needed to fight in World War I, and initiated legislation which offered thousands of Russian refugees (many of them young Jews) a choice between conscription into the British Army, or returning to Russia for military service.〔Modern British Jewry, Geoffrey Alderman, Oxford University Press p.237-238〕 In December 1916 Asquith was replaced as Prime Minister by Lloyd George. Lloyd George asked Samuel to continue as Home Secretary, but Samuel chose to resign instead.〔Memoirs by Viscount Samuel (1945)〕 He attempted to strike a balance between giving support to the new government while remaining loyal to Asquith. At the end of the war he sought election at the general election of 1918 as a Liberal in support of the Coalition government. However, the government's endorsement was given to his Unionist opponent and he was defeated. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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