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Tmutarakan
Tmutarakan or Tmutorakan was the name of a Mediaeval Kievan Rus' principality and trading town that controlled the Cimmerian Bosporus, the passage from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov. Its site was the ancient Greek colony of Hermonassa (), situated on the Taman peninsula, in the present-day Krasnodar Krai of Russia, roughly opposite Kerch. The Khazar fortress of Tamantarkhan (from which the Byzantine name for the city, Tamatarcha, is derived) was built on the site in the 7th century and became known as Tmutarakan (, (ロシア語:Тмутарака́нь)) when it came under Kievan Rus control in the 10th and 11th centuries.
== An international emporium ==
The Greek colony of Hermonassa was located a few miles west of Phanagoria and Panticapaeum, major trade centers for what was to become the Bosporan Kingdom. The city was founded in the mid-6th century BCE by Ionians, although there is evidence of others taking part in the enterprise, including Cretans.〔M.J. Traister and T.V. Shelov-Kovedyayev, (“An inscribed conical clay object from Hermonassa” )〕 The city flourished for some centuries and many ancient buildings and streets have been excavated from this period, as well as a hoard of fourth century golden coins.〔(''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'' )〕 Hermonassa was a centre of the Bosporan cult of Aphrodite〔Yulia Ustinova, ''The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom'', Brill 1999, (ch.3, p.129ff )〕 and in the early centuries CE was trading with the Alans.〔(''The Great Soviet Encyclopedia'', 1979 )〕 There is also archaeological evidence of extensive replanning and construction in the second century CE.
After a long period as a Roman client state, the Bosporan kingdom succumbed to the Huns, who defeated the nearby Alans in 375/376. With the collapse of the Hunnic Empire in the late 5th century, the area passed within the Roman sphere once again but was taken by the Bulgars in the 6th century. Following the fall of the city to the Khazars in the late 7th century, it was rebuilt as a fortress town and renamed ''Tamatarkha''. Arabic sources refer to it as ''Samkarsh al-Yahud'' (i.e., "Samkarsh of the Jews") in reference to the fact that the bulk of the trading there was handled by Jews.〔J.B.Bury, ''History of the Eastern Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil 1912, (p.408 ); Kevin Alan Brook, ''The Jews of Khazaria'', ML 20706, 2004, p.29-30〕 Other variants of the city's name are "Samkersh" and "Samkush".〔"Krimchaks". ''Encyclopaedia Judaica''〕
Fortified with a strong brick wall and boasting a fine harbor, Tamatarkha was a large city of merchants. It controlled much of the Northern European trade with the Byzantine Empire and Northern Caucasus. There were also trade routes leading south-east to Armenia and the Muslim domains, as well as others connecting with the Silk Road to the east. The inhabitants included Greeks, Armenians, Russians, Jews, Ossetians, Lezgins, Georgians, and Circassians. After the destruction of the Khazar empire by Sviatoslav I of Kiev in the mid-10th century, Khazars continued to inhabit the region. The Mandgelis Document, a Hebrew letter dated AM 4746 (985–986) refers to "our lord David, the Khazar prince" who lived in Taman and who was visited by envoys from Kievan Rus to ask about religious matters.
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