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Herrerasauridae
Herrerasaurids are among the oldest known dinosaurs, appearing in the fossil record 231.4 million years ago (Late Triassic). They became extinct by the end of the Triassic period. Herrerasaurids were small-sized (not more than long) carnivorous theropods〔 or basal saurischians. The best known representatives of this group are from South America (Brazil, Argentina), where they were first discovered in the 1960s. A nearly complete skeleton of ''Herrerasaurus ischigulastensis'' was discovered in the Ischigualasto Formation in San Juan, Argentina, in 1988. Less complete herrerasaurids have been found in North America, and they may have inhabited other continents as well.
Herrerasaurid anatomy is unusual and specialized, and they are not considered to be ancestral to any later dinosaur group. They often present a mixture of very primitive and derived traits. The acetabulum is only partly open, and there are only two sacral vertebrae, the lowest number among dinosaurs. The pubic bone has a derived structure, being rotated somewhat posteriorly and folded to create a superficially tetanuran-like terminal expansion, especially prominent in ''H. ischigulastensis''. The hand is primitive in having five metacarpals and the third finger longer than the second, but clearly theropod in having only three long fingers, with curved claws. Herrerasaurids also have a hinged mandible like all theropods.
==Classification==
Where herrerasaurids lie on the early dinosaur evolutionary tree is unclear. They are possibly basal theropods or basal saurischians but may in fact predate the saurischian-ornithischian split. Early researchers even proposed that they represented an early lineage of sauropodomorphs. Some analyses, such as Nesbitt ''et al.'' 2009, have found ''Herrerasaurus'' and its relatives in Herrerasauridae to be very basal theropods, while others (such as Ezcurra 2010) have found them to be basal to the clade Eusaurischia, that is, closer to the base of the saurischian tree than either theropods or sauropodomorphs, but not true members of either. The situation is further complicated by uncertainties in correlating the ages of late Triassic beds bearing land animals.〔
Other proposed members of the clade have included ''Sanjuansaurus'' from the same Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina as ''Herrerasaurus'', ''Staurikosaurus'' from the Santa Maria Formation of southern Brazil, ''Chindesaurus'' from the Upper Petrified Forest (Chinle Formation) of Arizona, and possibly ''Caseosaurus'' from the Dockum Formation of Texas, although the relationships of these animals are not fully understood, and not all paleontologists agree. Niedźwiedzki ''et al.'' (2014) described an European member of the group on the basis of Norian fossils discovered in Poland. Other possible basal theropods, ''Alwalkeria'' from the Late Triassic Maleri Formation of India, and ''Teyuwasu'', known from very fragmentary remains from the Late Triassic of Brazil, might be related. Novas (1992) defined Herrerasauridae as ''Herrerasaurus'', ''Staurikosaurus'', and their most recent common ancestor. Sereno (1998) defined the group as the most inclusive clade including ''H. ischigualastensis'' but not ''Passer domesticus''. Langer (2004) provided first phylogenetic definition of a higher level taxon, infraorder Herrerasauria.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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