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Hesperogavialis
''Hesperogavialis'' is an extinct genus of gryposuchine gavialid. Fossils have been found from Venezuela and Brazil that date back to the late Miocene and Pliocene.〔Bocquetin, J. C. and Buffetaut, E. (1981). ''Hesperogavialis cruxenti'' n. gen., n. sp., nouveau gavialide (Crocodylia, Eusuchia) du Miocène Supériur (Huayquerien) d'Urumaco (Venezuela). ''Geobios'' 14:415-419.〕〔Souza-Filho, J. P., Bocquetin, J. C., and Negri, F. R. (1993). Um crâneo de ''Hesperogavialis'' sp. (Crocodylia, Gavialidae) Mioceno Superior — Plioceno do Estado do Acre, Brasil. ''Ameghiniana'' 30:341-342.〕 Although ''Hesperogavialis'' is one of the best known gavialoids from South America, the posterior portion of the skull is still unknown, making any attempts at classification within the family somewhat more difficult than other gavialoids in which much of the skull is present. The genus possibly comprises three species. The type species, ''H. cruxenti'', has been found from the Urumaco Formation in Venezuela. A second possible species, named ''H. bocquentini'', has been described from Acre, Brazil and can be distinguished from ''H. cruxenti'' by the asymmetry seen in the anterior portion of the nasals and the small distance between alveoli. A third species can be recognized from the same locality in Acre, although a formal name has yet to be given to it.〔Souza-Filho, J. P. (1999). New crocodylian fossils (''Alligatoridae'' and ''Gavialidae'') from the Cenozoic, Acre State, Brazil. ''Ameghiniana'' 36(Supplement to Number 4)〕
==Phylogenetics==
Although a South American gryposuchine, ''Hesperogavialis'' may actually have had closer relations to the extant ''Gavialis'' known from Asia. This has been concluded on the basis of a lack of a nasal-premaxillary contact on the rostrum that can be seen in the extinct South American gavialoids. The position of these bones bears a closer resemblance to ''Gavialis'' by being rather slender and extending from the orbits to the middle of the rostrum while being considerably separated from the premaxilla.〔Brochu, C. A. and Rincón, A. D. (2004). A gavialoid crocodylian from the lower Miocene of Venezuela. ''In:'' Sánchez-Villagra, M. R., Clack, J. A., and Batten, D. J., eds., ''Fossils of the Miocene Castillo Formation, Venezuela: contributions on neotropical palaeontology''. ''Special Papers in Palaeontology'' No. 71, The Palaeontological Association (London), p. 61-79.〕 This close relationship suggests that there may have been multiple gavialid dispersal events from the Old World to South America. It has also been proposed that this is just an independently derived characteristic unique to ''Hesperogavialis'' among the gryposuchines, and that it does not suggest any relationship to Asian gavialoids.〔Langston, W. and Gasparini, Z. (1997). Crocodilians, ''Gryposuchus'', and the South American gavials. ''In:'' Kay, R. F., Madden, R. H, Cifelli, R. L., and Flynn, J. J., eds., ''Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics''. Smithsonian Institution Press; Washington, DC. pp. 113-154.〕
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