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Haifa ( ', (:ħeˈfa), colloquial (:ˈχai̯fa); (アラビア語:حيفا) ')〔 is the largest city in northern Israel, and the third largest city in the country, with a population of over 277,082. Another 300,000 people live in towns directly adjacent to the city including Daliyat al-Karmel, the Krayot, Nesher, Tirat Carmel, and some Kibbuzim. Together these areas form a contiguous urban area home to nearly 600,000 residents which makes up the inner core of the Haifa metropolitan area.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics )〕 It is also home to the Bahá'í World Centre, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and destination for Baha'i pilgrims. Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel, the history of settlement at the site spans more than 3,000 years. The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam, a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE).〔Encyclopedia Judaica, ''Haifa,'' Keter Publishing, Jerusalem, 1972, vol. 7, pp. 1134-1139〕 In the 3rd century CE, Haifa was known as a dye-making center. Over the centuries, the city has changed hands: It has been conquered and ruled by the Phoenicians, Persians, Hasmoneans, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, British, and the Israelis. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the city has been governed by the Haifa Municipality. Today, the city is a major seaport located on Israel's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa covering . It is located about north of Tel Aviv and is the major regional center of northern Israel. Two respected academic institutions, the University of Haifa and the Technion, are located in Haifa in addition to the largest k-12 school in Israel, The Hebrew Reali School. The city plays an important role in Israel's economy. It is home to Matam, one of the oldest and largest high-tech parks in the country.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GavYam )〕 Haifa Bay is a center of heavy industry, petroleum refining and chemical processing. Haifa was formerly the western terminus of an oil pipeline from Iraq via Jordan. ==Etymology== The earliest named settlement within the domain of modern-day Haifa was a city known as ''Sycaminum''.〔 Tel Shikmona 〔 Hebrew meaning "mound of the Ficus sycomorus" (Arabic ''Tell el-Semak'' or ''Tell es-Samak'', meaning "mound of the fish") preserved and transformed this ancient name and is mentioned once in the Mishnah (composed c. 200 CE) for the wild fruits that grow around it.,〔 with locals using it to refer to a coastal tell at the foot of the Carmel Mountains that contains its remains.〔 The name ''Efa'' first appears during Roman rule, some time after the end of the 1st century, when a Roman fortress and small Jewish settlement were established not far from Tell es-Samak.〔 Haifa is also mentioned more than 100 times in the Talmud, a book central to Judaism.〔 ''Hefa'' or ''Hepha'' in Eusebius of Caesarea's 4th-century work, ''Onomasticon'' (''Onom.'' 108, 31), is said to be another name for ''Sycaminus''. This synonymizing of the names is explained by Moshe Sharon who writes that the twin ancient settlements, which he calls ''Haifa-Sycaminon'', gradually expanded into one another, becoming a twin city known by the Greek names ''Sycaminon'' or ''Sycaminos Polis''.〔 References to this city end with the Byzantine period.〔 Around the 6th century, ''Porphyreon'' or ''Porphyrea'' is mentioned in the writings of William of Tyre, and while it lies within the area covered by modern Haifa, it was a settlement situated south of Haifa-Sycaminon.〔〔 Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, ''Haifa'' was used to refer to a site established on Tell es-Samak upon what were already the ruins of ''Sycaminon'' (''Shiqmona'').〔 ''Haifa'' (or ''Haifah'') is mentioned by the mid-11th-century Persian chronicler Nasir Khusraw, and the 12th- and 13th-century Arab chroniclers, Muhammad al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.〔 The Crusaders, who captured Haifa briefly in the 12th century, call it ''Caiphas'',〔 and believe its name related to ''Cephas'', the Aramaic name of Simon Peter. Eusebius is also said to have referred to ''Hefa'' as ''Caiaphas civitas'', and Benjamin of Tudela, the 12th-century Jewish traveller and chronicler, is said to have attributed the city's founding to Caiaphas, the Jewish high priest at the time of Jesus.〔 Other spellings in English have included ''Caipha'', ''Kaipha'', ''Caiffa'', ''Kaiffa'' and ''Khaifa''. ''Haifa al-'Atiqa'' (Arabic: "Ancient Haifa") is another name used by locals to refer to ''Tell es-Samak'', as it was the site of Haifa when it was a hamlet of 250 residents, before it was moved in 1764-5 to a new fortified site founded by Zahir al-Umar to the east. The new village, the nucleus of modern Haifa, was originally named ''al-imara al-jadida'' (Arabic: "the new construction"), but locals called it ''Haifa al-Jadida'' (Arabic: "New Haifa") at first, and then simply ''Haifa''. In the early 20th century, ''Haifa al 'Atiqa'' was repopulated as a predominantly Arab Christian neighborhood of Haifa as it expanded outward from its new location.〔Seikaly, 2002, p. 65.〕 The ultimate origin of the name ''Haifa'' remains unclear. One theory holds it derives from the name of the high priest Caiaphas. Some Christians believe it was named for Saint Peter, whose Aramaic name was ''Keiphah''.〔 Another theory holds it could be derived from the Hebrew verb root חפה (''hafa''), meaning to cover or shield, i.e. Mount Carmel covers Haifa; others point to a possible origin in the Hebrew word חוֹף (''hof''), meaning ''shore'', or חוֹף יָפֶה (''hof yafe''), meaning ''beautiful shore''.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Haifa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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