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Hiawatha (also known as Ayenwatha, Aiionwatha, or Haiëñ'wa'tha; Onondaga)〔Bright, William (2004). ''Native American Place Names of the United States''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 0-8061-3576-X pg. 166〕 was a pre-colonial Native American leader and co-founder of the Iroquois confederacy. Depending on the version of the narrative he was a leader of the Onondaga, or the Mohawk or both. According to some versions he was born an Onondaga, but adopted into the Mohawk. Hiawatha was a follower of The Great Peacemaker (Deganawida), a Huron prophet and spiritual leader who proposed the unification of the Iroquois peoples, who shared common ancestry and similar languages. The Great Peacemaker was a compelling spiritual presence, but was impeded in evangelizing his prophecy by foreign affiliation and a severe speech impediment. Hiawatha, a skilled and charismatic orator, was instrumental in persuading the Senecas, Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneidas and Mohawks to accept the Great Peacemaker's vision and band together to become the Five Nations of the Iroquois confederacy. The Tuscarora nation joined the Confederacy in 1722 to become the Sixth Nation. ==Eclipse== In attempting to date the Great Peacemaker and Hiawatha, focus has come to an incident related to the founding of the Iroquois Confederacy, their life work. One rendition of the oral history eventually written down by scholars involves a division among the Seneca nation, the last nation to join the original confederacy. A violent confrontation began and was suddenly stopped when the sun darkened and it seemed like night. Scholars have successively studied the possibilities of this being a solar eclipse since 1902 when William Canfield wrote Legends of the Iroquois; told by "the Cornplanter". Successive other scholars who mention it were (chronologically): Paul A. W. Wallace, Elizabeth Tooker, Bruce E. Johansen, Dean R. Snow, Barbara A. Mann and Jerry L. Fields, William N. Fenton, David Henige, Gary Warrick, and Neta Crawford. Since Canfield's first mention,〔 and the majority view,〔〔〔〔〔 scholars have supported the 1451AD date〔http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=14510628〕 for the plausible solar eclipse mention. Some argue it is an insufficient fit for the description and favor 1142AD〔〔〔http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=11420822〕 while a few question the whole idea.〔 Archaeological supporting arguments have progressed. In 1982 Dean Snow considered the mainstream view of the archaeology not to support any dates for an eclipse before 1350 AD (thus ruling out the 1142 AD date.)〔 By 1998 Fenton considered an earlier eclipse than the 1451 AD majority view unlikely but possible as long as it was after 1000 AD - a window that allows the 1142 AD date.〔 By 2007/8 reviews considered an 1142 AD eclipse as clearly possible even if most still supported the 1451 AD as the safe choice.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hiawatha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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