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Egyptian hieroglyphs
Egyptian hieroglyphs ( ; Egyptian: ''mdw·w-nṯr'', "god's words") were a formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic elements. Egyptians used cursive hieroglyphs for religious literature on papyrus and wood. Hieroglyphs are related to two other Egyptian scripts, hieratic and demotic. Early hieroglyphs date back as far as 3,300 BCE, and continued to be used up until the end of the fourth century CE, when non-Christian temples were closed and their monumental use was no longer necessary.
After the loss of the knowledge of hieroglyphic writing, the decipherment of hieroglyphs remained an enduring puzzle which would only be solved in the 1820s by Jean-Francois Champollion, with the help of the Rosetta Stone.
==Etymology==
The word ''hieroglyph'' comes from the Greek adjective (''hieroglyphikos''),〔(ἱερογλυφικός ),
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library〕 a compound of (' 'sacred')〔(ἱερός ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library〕 and γλύφω (''glýphō'' 'Ι carve, engrave'; see ''glyph''),〔(γλύφω ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', on Perseus Digital Library〕 in turn a calque of Egyptian ''mdw·w-nṯr'' (''medu-netjer'') 'god's words'.〔Antonio Loprieno, ''Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction'' (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995), 11.〕 The glyphs themselves were called (''tà hieroglyphikà grámmata'') 'the sacred engraved letters'. The word ''hieroglyph'' has become a noun in English, standing for an individual hieroglyphic character. As used in the previous sentence, the word ''hieroglyphic'' is an adjective, but is often erroneously used as a noun in place of ''hieroglyph''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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