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A highwayman was a robber who stole from travellers. This type of thief usually travelled and robbed by horse, as compared to a footpad who travelled and robbed on foot; mounted highwaymen were widely considered to be socially superior to footpads.〔Rid, Samuel. "Martin Markall, Beadle of Bridewell," in ''The Elizabethan Underworld'', A. V. Judges, ed. pp. 415–416. George Routledge, 1930. (Online quotation ). See also Spraggs, Gillian: ''Outlaws and Highwaymen: the Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century'', pp. 107, 169, 190–191. Pimlico, 2001.〕 Such robbers operated in Great Britain from the Elizabethan era until the early 19th century. In other countries, they persisted for a few decades longer, until the mid or late 19th century. The word highwayman is first known to be used in the year 1617;〔Fennor, William. "The Counter’s Commonwealth," in ''The Elizabethan Underworld'', p. 446.〕 other euphemisms included "knights of the road" and "gentlemen of the road". In the 19th-century American West, highwaymen were known as ''road agents''.〔Brewer, E. Cobham. ''Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'', 1898, defines road-agent as "A highwayman in the mountain districts of North America," citing the generation earlier, W. Hepworth Dixon, ''New America'', p. 14: "Road-agent is the name applied in the mountains to a ruffian who has given up honest work in the store, in the mine, in the ranch, for the perils and profits of the highway."〕 In the same time period in Australia, they were known as ''bushrangers''. ==Robbing== Some robbed individually, but others worked in pairs or in small gangs. They often attacked coaches for their lack of protection, including public stagecoaches; the postboys who carried the mail were also frequently held up.〔Beattie, J. M.: ''Crime and the Courts in England, 1660–1800'', pp. 149–158. Clarendon Press, 1986; (Extracts from Wilson, Ralph: ''A Full and Impartial Account of all the Robberies Committed by John Hawkins, George Sympson (lately Executed for Robbing the Bristol Mails) and their Companions''. 3rd edition, J. Peele, 1722. )〕 The famous demand to "Stand and deliver!" (sometimes in forms such as "Stand and deliver your purse!" "Stand and deliver your money!") was in use from the 17th century. The phrase "Your money or your life!" is mentioned in trial reports from the mid-18th century: '' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Highwayman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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