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was the practice of removing the natural eyebrows and painting smudge-like eyebrows on the forehead in pre-modern Japan. ''Hiki'' means "pull" and ''mayu'' means "eyebrows". Aristocratic women used to pluck or shave their eyebrows and paint new ones using a powdered ink called ''haizumi'', which was made of soot from sesame or rape-seed oils.〔(Cosmetics in the Heian period. Archived copy of defunct webpage; accessed in April 2011 )〕 ==History== ''Hikimayu'' first appeared in the eighth century, when the Japanese court adopted Chinese customs and styles.〔''Kokushi Daijiten''. Yoshikawa, 1985.〕 Japanese noblewomen started painting their faces with a white powder called ''oshiroi''. One putative reason for ''hikimayu'' is that removing the natural eyebrows made it easier to put on the ''oshiroi''. At this time the eyebrows were painted in arc shapes,〔 as in China. Women also started painting their teeth black, which is known as ''ohaguro''. Japanese culture began to flourish in its own right during the Heian period, from AD 794. At the imperial court the arts reached a pinnacle of refinement. Women started wearing extremely elaborate costumes, painting their faces more thickly, and painting eyebrows as ovals or smudges on their foreheads. One possibility is that when they started letting their hair hang down on each side, it was felt that the forehead became too prominent; painting the eyebrows as ovals halfway up the forehead was supposed to redress the balance of the face. The Heian period ended in 1185. In its later years, even men painted their faces white, blackened their teeth, and did ''hikimayu''.〔 As a fashion for women, ''hikimayu'' lasted for many centuries. In the noh drama, which started in the 14th century, the masks for the roles of young women usually have eyebrows in this style. In the Edo period, from the 17th century, ''hikimayu'' and ''ohaguro'' were only done by married women.〔''Cyclopedia of Japanese History'' / ''Nihonshi Daijiten''. Heibonsha, 1993.〕 In the latter half of the 19th century, the Japanese government ended its policy of isolationism and started to adopt Western culture. Eyebrows painted on the forehead and black teeth were no longer appropriate for modern society, and in 1870 ''hikimayu'' and ''ohaguro'' were banned.〔 Nowadays they are only used in historical drama such as noh, and occasionally in local festivals. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hikimayu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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