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}} |altname= Hindi-Urdu |image = Hindustani0804.png |imagesize = 150px |imagecaption = |imageheader = Script |states=India, Pakistan. Various countries through immigration. |region = |speakers=240 million |date=1991–1997 |ref=〔Standard Hindi: 180 million India (1991). Urdu: 48 million India (1997), 11 million Pakistan (1993). ''Ethnologue'' 16. (''Ethnologue'' 17 figures for Hindi are not restricted to Standard Hindi.)〕 |speakers2=Second language: 165 million (1999)〔120 million Standard Hindi (1999), 45 million Urdu (1999). ''Ethnologue'' 16.〕 |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=Indo-Iranian |fam3=Indo-Aryan |fam4=Central Zone (Hindi) |fam5=Western Hindi |stand1=Standard Hindi |stand2=Standard Urdu |dia1=Khariboli (Dehlavi) |dia2=Kauravi |dia3=Dakhini? |script= Perso-Arabic (Urdu alphabet) Devanagari (Hindi alphabet) Braille (Hindi Braille and Pakistani Urdu Braille) Kaithi (historical) |sign=Indian Signing System (ISS)〔(Punarbhava: Sign Language Interpreter Course )〕 Signed Urdu |nation= (as Hindi, Urdu) (as Urdu) |agency=Central Hindi Directorate (Hindi, India),〔The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of Devanagari script and Hindi spelling in India. Source: (Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction )〕 National Language Authority, (Urdu, Pakistan); National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (Urdu, India)〔(National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language )〕 |iso1=hi, ur |iso2=hin, urd |lc1=hin|ld1=Standard Hindi |lc2=urd|ld2=Urdu |lingua=59-AAF-qa to -qf |glotto=hind1270 |glottorefname=Hindustani |map=Hindi-Urdu_as_an_official_language.png |mapcaption=Areas where Hindi or Urdu is the official language |notice=IPA }} Hindustani (, |links=no|lit="of Hindustan"}}) historically also known as Hindavi, Dehlvi, and Rekhta, is the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan. It is an Indo-Aryan language, deriving primarily from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi, and incorporates a large amount of vocabulary from Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic and Chagatai. It is a pluricentric language, with two official forms, Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu, which are its standardised registers, and which may be called Hindi-Urdu when taken together. The colloquial languages are all but indistinguishable, and even though the official standards are nearly identical in grammar, they differ in literary conventions and in academic and technical vocabulary, with Urdu adopting stronger Persian, Turkic and Arabic influences, and Hindi relying more heavily on Sanskrit.〔(''Hindi'' ) by Yamuna Kachru〕〔(''Students' Britannica: India'': Select essays ) by Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani page 175〕 Before the Partition of India, the terms ''Hindustani, Urdu,'' and ''Hindi'' were synonymous; all covered what would be called Urdu and Hindi today. The term ''Hindustani'' is still used for the colloquial language and lingua franca of North India and Pakistan, for example for the language of Bollywood films, as well as for several quite different varieties of Hindi spoken outside the Subcontinent, such as Fiji Hindi and the Caribbean Hindustani of Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica and South Africa. ==History== (詳細はMiddle Indo-Aryan ''apabhramsha'' vernaculars of present day North India in the 7th–13th centuries CE. Amir Khusro, who lived in the 13th century CE during the Delhi Sultanate period in North India, used these forms (which was the lingua franca of the period) in his writings and referred to it as ''Hindavi''.〔 The Delhi Sultanate, which comprised several Turkic and Afghan dynasties that ruled from Delhi, was succeeded by the Mughal Empire in 1526. Although the Mughals were of Timurid (''Gurkānī'') Turko-Mongol descent, they were Persianized, and Persian had gradually become the state language of the Mughal empire after Babur,〔B.F. Manz, ''"Tīmūr Lang"'', in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006〕〔''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "(Timurid Dynasty )", Online Academic Edition, 2007. (Quotation:...''Turkic dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia.''...''Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded, and the capital became the centre of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture.''..)〕〔''Encyclopædia Britannica'' article: (Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids ), Online Edition, 2007.〕 a continuation since the introduction of Persian by Central Asian Turkic invaders who migrated into the Indian Subcontinent, amongst the most notable Mahmud of Ghazni,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny )〕 and the patronisation of it by the earlier Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate. The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties.〔Sigfried J. de Laet. (''History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century'' ) UNESCO, 1994. ISBN 9231028138 p 734〕 In the 18th century, towards the end of the Mughal period, with the fragmentation of the empire and the elite system, a variant of Khariboli, one of the successors of apabhramsha vernaculars at Delhi, and nearby cities, came to gradually replace Persian as the lingua franca among the educated elite upper class particularly in northern India, though Persian still retained much of its pre-eminence for a short period. The term ''Hindustani'' (literally "of ''Hindustan''") was the name given to that variant of Khariboli. For socio-political reasons, though essentially the variant of Khariboli with Persian vocabulary, the emerging prestige dialect became also known as ''Urdu'' (properly ''zabān-e Urdu-e mo'alla'' "language of the court" or ''zabān-e Urdu'' , ज़बान-ए उर्दू, "language of the camp" in Persian, derived from Turkic ''Ordū'' "camp", cognate with English ''horde''; due to its origin as the common speech of the Mughal army). The more highly Persianized version later established as a language of the court was called Rekhta, or "mixed". As an emerging common dialect, Hindustani absorbed large numbers of Persian, Arabic, and Turkic words, and as Mughal conquests grew it spread as a lingua franca across much of northern India. Written in the Perso-Arabic Script or Devanagari script,〔 in Pollock (2003)〕 it remained the primary lingua franca of northern India for the next four centuries (although it varied significantly in vocabulary depending on the local language) and achieved the status of a literary language, alongside Persian, in Muslim courts. Its development was centred on the poets of the Mughal courts of cities in Uttar Pradesh such as Delhi, Lucknow, and Agra. John Fletcher Hurst in his book published in 1891 mentioned that the Hindustani or Camp language or Language of the Camps of Moughal courts at Delhi was not regarded by philologists as distinct language but only as a dialect of Hindi with admixture of Persian. He continued: "But it has all the magnitude and importance of separate language. It is linguistic result of Mohammedan invasions of eleventh & twelfth centuries and is spoken (except in rural Bengal ) by many Hindus in North India and by Musalman population in all parts of India". Next to English it was the official language of British Indian Empire, was commonly written in Arabic or Persian characters, and was spoken by approximately 100,000,000 people.〔() Indika: the country and the people of India and Ceylon By John Fletcher Hurst (1891) Page 344.〕 When the British colonized the Indian subcontinent from the late 18th through to the late 19th century, they used the words 'Hindustani', 'Hindi' and 'Urdu' interchangeably. They developed it as the language of administration of British India,〔(''Writing Systems'' ) by Florian Coulmas, page 232〕 further preparing it to be the official language of modern India and Pakistan. However, with independence, use of the word 'Hindustani' declined, being largely replaced by 'Hindi' and 'Urdu', or 'Hindi-Urdu' when either of those was too specific. More recently, the word 'Hindustani' has been used for the colloquial language of Bollywood films, which are popular in both India and Pakistan and which cannot be unambiguously identified as either Hindi or Urdu. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hindustani language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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