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A hippie (or hippy) is a member of a subculture, originally a youth movement that started in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid-1960s and spread to other countries around the world. The word ''hippie'' came from ''hipster'' and was initially used to describe beatniks who had moved into New York City's Greenwich Village and San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district. The term ''hippie'' was first popularized in San Francisco by Herb Caen who was a journalist for the ''San Francisco Chronicle''. The origins of the terms ''hip'' and ''hep'' are uncertain, although by the 1940s both had become part of African American jive slang and meant "sophisticated; currently fashionable; fully up-to-date".〔To say "I'm hip to the situation" means "I'm aware of the situation. See: 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Online Etymology Dictionary )〕 The Beats adopted the term ''hip'', and early hippies inherited the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. Hippies created their own communities, listened to psychedelic music, embraced the sexual revolution, and used drugs such as cannabis, LSD, peyote and psilocybin mushrooms to explore altered states of consciousness. In January 1967, the Human Be-In in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco popularized hippie culture, leading to the Summer of Love on the West Coast of the United States, and the 1969 Woodstock Festival on the East Coast. Hippies in Mexico, known as ''jipitecas'', formed ''La Onda'' and gathered at Avándaro, while in New Zealand, nomadic housetruckers practiced alternative lifestyles and promoted sustainable energy at Nambassa. In the United Kingdom in 1970 many gathered at the gigantic Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people.〔 "The attendance at the third Pop Festival at...Isle of Wight, England on 30 Aug 1970 was claimed by its promoters, Fiery Creations, to be 400,000." ''The Guinness book of Records - 1987'', (p91), Editor Russell, Alan. Guinness Books, 1986 ISBN 0851124399〕 In later years, mobile "peace convoys" of New Age travelers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival and the annual Cannabis Law Reform Rally or MardiGrass. "''Piedra Roja'' Festival", a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970. Hippie fashion and values had a major effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature, and the arts. Since the 1960s, many aspects of hippie culture have been assimilated by mainstream society. The religious and cultural diversity espoused by the hippies has gained widespread acceptance, and Eastern philosophy and spiritual concepts have reached a larger audience. ==Etymology== (詳細はLexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', argues that the terms ''hipster'' and ''hippie'' derive from the word ''hip'', whose origins are unknown. The word ''hip'' in the sense of "aware, in the know" is first attested in a 1902 cartoon by Tad Dorgan,〔Jonathan Lighter, ''Random House Dictionary of Historical Slang''〕 and first appeared in print in a 1904 novel by George Vere Hobart, ''Jim Hickey, A Story of the One-Night Stands'', where a black American character uses the slang phrase "Are you hip?" The term ''hipster'' was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944. By the 1940s, the terms ''hip'', ''hep'' and ''hepcat'' were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although ''hep'' eventually came to denote an inferior status to ''hip''.〔Harry Gibson wrote: ''"At that time musicians used jive talk among themselves and many customers were picking up on it. One of these words was ''hep'' which described someone in the know. When lots of people started using ''hep'', musicians changed to ''hip''. I started calling people ''hipsters'' and greeted customers who dug the kind of jazz we were playing as 'all you hipsters.' Musicians at the club began calling me ''Harry the Hipster''; so I wrote a new tune called 'Handsome Harry the Hipster.'"'' -- "Everybody's Crazy But Me" (1986).〕 In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named ''hips'' because they were considered "in the know" or "cool", as opposed to being ''square''. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the terms ''hipster'' and ''hippies'' to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife.〔Rexroth, Kenneth. (1961). "(What's Wrong with the Clubs )." ''Metronome''. Reprinted in ''Assays''〕 According to Malcolm X's 1964 autobiography, the word ''hippie'' in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who "acted more Negro than Negroes".〔Booth, Martin (2004), ''Cannabis: A History, St. Martin's Press'', p. 212.〕 Andrew Loog Oldham refers to "all the Chicago hippies," seemingly in reference to black blues/R&B musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP ''The Rolling Stones, Now!'' Although the word ''hippies'' made other isolated appearances in print during the early 1960s, the first use of the term on the West Coast appeared on September 5, 1965, in the article, "A New Haven for Beatniks", by San Francisco journalist Michael Fallon. In that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn coffeehouse, using the term ''hippie'' to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district.〔Use of the term "hippie" did not become widespread in the mass media until early 1967, after ''San Francisco Chronicle'' columnist Herb Caen began to use the term; See "Take a Hippie to Lunch Today", S.F. Chronicle, 20 Jan 1967, p. 37. San Francisco Chronicle, 18 Jan 1967 column, p. 27〕 ''New York Times'' editor and usage writer Theodore M. Bernstein said the paper changed the spelling from ''hippy'' to ''hippie'' to avoid the ambiguous description of clothing as ''hippy fashions''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hippie」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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