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Hippus
Hippus, also known as pupillary athetosis, is spasmodic, rhythmic, but regular dilating and contracting pupillary movements between the sphincter and dilator muscles.〔Cassin, B. and Solomon, S. ''Dictionary of Eye Terminology''. Gainesville, Florida: Triad Publishing Company, 1990.〕 Pupillary hippus comes from the Greek ''hippos'' meaning horse, perhaps due to the rhythm of the contractions representing a galloping horse.〔Beatty, J., & Lucero-Wagoner, B. (2000). The pupillary system. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary & G. G. Bernston (Eds.), ''The handbook of psychophysiology'' (2nd ed.) (pp. 142-162). USA: Cambridge University Press.〕
It is particularly noticeable when pupil function is tested with a light,〔 but is independent of eye movements or changes in illumination.〔 It is usually normal, however pathological hippus can occur.〔〔
Pathologic hippus, the phenomena of increased oscillation or their amplitude, is associated with aconite poisoning,〔Forensic and State Medicine: Reddy〕 altered mental status, trauma, cirrhosis, and renal disease; suggesting a common pathway of frontal lobe dysfunction. A retrospective study of 117 hospitalized patients with hippus noted an increased 30-day mortality when compared to controls and adjusted for other factors (odds ratio=4.1, p<0.001).〔
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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