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Hispania (; ) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula. Under the Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. During the Principate, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Baetica and Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Tarraconensis. Subsequently, the western part of Tarraconensis was split off, first as Hispania Nova, later renamed Callaecia (or Gallaecia, whence modern Galicia). From Diocletian's Tetrarchy (AD 284) onwards, the south of remaining Tarraconensis was again split off as Carthaginensis, and probably then too the Balearic Islands and all the resulting provinces formed one civil diocese under the ''vicarius'' for the Hispaniae (that is, the Celtic provinces). The name, Hispania, was also used in the period of Visigothic rule. The modern name España derives from Hispania. ==Name== The origin of the word ''Hispania'' is much disputed and the evidence for the various speculations are based merely upon what are at best mere resemblances, likely to be accidental, and suspect supporting evidence. One theory holds it to be of Punic derivation, from the Phoenician language of colonizing Carthage.〔(pg14 )〕 Specifically, it may derive from a Punic cognate of Hebrew אי-שפניא (''i-shfania'') meaning "Island of the Hyrax" or "island of the hare" or "island of the rabbit" (Phoenician-Punic and Hebrew are both Canaanite languages and therefore closely related to each other). Others derive the word from Phoenician ''span'', in the sense of "hidden", and make it indicate "a hidden", that is, "a remote", or "far-distant land".〔Malte-Brun, ''Précis de la Géographie'', t. iv., p. 318.〕 Another theory, proposed by the etymologist Eric Partridge in his work ''Origins'', is that it is of Iberian derivation and that it is to be found in the pre-Roman name for Seville, ''Hispalis'', which strongly hints at an ancient name for the country of '' *Hispa'', an Iberian or Celtic root whose meaning is now lost. Isidore of Sevilla considered Hispania derived from Hispalis.〔(pg 292 )〕 ''Hispalis'' may alternatively derive from ''Heliopolis'' (Greek for "city of the sun"); however, the true origin of the name is Phoenician ''Spal'' "lowland", according to Manuel Pellicer Catalán, rendering this explanation of ''Hispania'' dubious. Occasionally Hispania was called ''Hesperia Ultima'', "the last western land" in Greek, by Roman writers, since the name ''Hesperia'' had already been used by the Greeks to indicate the Italian peninsula. Another theory holds that the name derives from ''Ezpanna'', the Basque word for "border" or "edge", thus meaning the farthest area or place.〔(Anthon, Charles. A System of Ancient and Mediæval Geography for the Use of Schools and Colleges pg.14 )〕〔(pg 253–254 )〕 During Antiquity and Middle Ages, the literary texts derive the term Hispania from an eponymous hero named Hispan, who is mentioned for the first time in the work of the Roman historian Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus, in the 1st century BC. Although "Hispania" is the Latin root for the modern name "Spain", substituting ''Spanish'' for ''Hispanicus'' or ''Hispanic'', or ''Spain'' for ''Hispania'', though sometimes done by historians in the more general context of a common peninsular history, is anachronistic and can be misleading, since the borders of modern Spain do not coincide with those of the Roman province of Hispania or of the Visigothic Kingdom of the same name which succeeded it, and have always shifted, and so does not even include the territory of present day Portugal. The Latin term ''Hispania'' was often used during Antiquity and the High Middle Ages as a geographical name for the Iberian Peninsula, but its modern cognates, ''Spain'' and ''Spanish'' have become increasingly associated with the Kingdom of Spain alone, after the union of the central peninsular Kingdom of Castile with the eastern peninsular Kingdom of Aragon in the 15th century under the Catholic Monarchs. bs 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hispania」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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