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The written history of Los Angeles city and county begins with a small Mexican town that changed little in the three decades after 1848, when California became part of the United States. Much greater changes were to come from the completion of the Santa Fe railroad line from Chicago to Los Angeles in 1885. Immigrants flooded in, especially white Protestants from the Midwest. LA had a strong economic base in farming, oil, tourism, real estate and movies. It grew rapidly with only a small downtown and many suburban areas inside and outside the city limits. Hollywood made the city world famous, and World War II brought new industry, especially high-tech aircraft construction. Politically the city was moderately conservative, with a weak labor union sector. Since the 1960s growth has slowed—and massive traffic delays have become famous, despite the hundreds of miles of supposedly high speed freeways. New ethnic groups, especially from Mexico and Asia, have transformed the demographic base since the 1960s. Old industries have declined, including farming, oil and aircraft, but tourism, entertainment and high tech remain strong. ==Early history== Recent archeological studies show there was a seafaring culture in Southern California in 8000 B.C. By 3000 B.C. the area was occupied by the Hokan-speaking people of the Milling Stone Period who fished, hunted sea mammals, and gathered wild seeds. They were later replaced by migrants — possibly fleeing drought in the Great Basin — who spoke a Uto-Aztecan language called Tongva. The Tongva people called the Los Angeles region Yaa in Tongva.〔Munro, Pamela, et al. ''Yaara' Shiraaw'ax 'Eyooshiraaw'a. Now You're Speaking Our Language: Gabrielino/Tongva/Fernandeño''. Lulu.com: 2008.〕 By the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the 18th century A.D., there were 250,000 to 300,000 native people in California and 5,000 in the Los Angeles basin. Since contact with Europeans, the people in what became Los Angeles were known as Gabrielinos and Fernandeños, after the missions associated with them.〔McCawley, William. 1996. ''The First Angelinos: The Indians of Los Angeles''. Banning, California: Malki Museum Press and Ballena Press Cooperative. pp. 2–7〕 The land occupied and used by the Gabrielinos covered about four thousand square miles. It included the enormous floodplain drained by the Los Angeles and San Gabriel rivers and the southern Channel Islands, including the Santa Barbara, San Clemente, Santa Catalina, and San Nicholas Islands. They were part of a sophisticated group of trading partners that included the Chumash to the west, the Cahuilla and Mojave to the east, and the Juaneños and Luiseños to the south. Their trade extended to the Colorado River and included slavery.〔Smith, Gerald A. and James Clifford. 1965. ''Indian Slave Trade Along the Mojave Trail.'' San Bernardino California: San Bernardino County Museum.〕 The lives of the Gabrielinos were governed by a set of religious and cultural practices that included belief in creative supernatural forces. They worshipped a creator god, Chinigchinix, and a female virgin god, Chukit. Their Great Morning Ceremony was based on a belief in the afterlife. In a purification ritual similar to the Eucharist, they drank ''tolguache'', a hallucinogenic made from jimson weed and salt water. Their language was called Kizh or Kij, and they practiced cremation.〔Johnson, Bernice Eastman. 1962. ''California's Gabrielino'' Indians. Highland Park, California: Southwest Museum Papers.〕〔Bosca, Gerónimo. "Chinigchinish: An Historical Account of the Origins, Customs, and Traditions of the Indians of Alta California", in ''Life in California'', trans. Alfred Robinson. Santa Barbara: Peregrine.〕〔Miller, Bruce. 1991. ''The Gabrielino''. Los Osos, California: Sand River Press.〕 Generations before the arrival of the Europeans, the Gabrielinos had identified and lived in the best sites for human occupation. The survival and success of Los Angeles would depend greatly on the presence of a nearby and prosperous Gabrielino village called Yaanga. Its residents would provide the colonists with seafood, fish, bowls, pelts, and baskets. For pay, they would dig ditches, haul water, and provide domestic help. They often intermarried with the Mexican colonists.〔Kealhofer, 1991. ''Cultural Interaction During the Spanish Colonial Period''. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1991.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Los Angeles」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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