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Hitopadesha
''Hitopadesha'' (Sanskrit:हितोपदेशः Hitopadeśa) is a collection of Sanskrit fables in prose and verse meant as an exposition on statecraft in a format easily digestible for young princes. It is an independent treatment of the ''Panchatantra'', which it resembles in form.
== A compendium of good counsel ==
The only clue to the identity of the author of ''Hitopadesha'' is found in the concluding verses of the work, which supply the name Narayana and mention the patronage of a king called Dhavalachandra. As no other work by this author is known, and since the ruler mentioned has not been traced in other sources, we know almost nothing of either of them. Dating the work is therefore problematic. There are quotations within it from 8th century works, but the earliest manuscript dates from 1373. Internal evidence may point to an East Indian origin during the later Pala Empire (8th-12th century).〔''A.N.D.Haksar, ''Hitopadesa'', (Penguin, 2006 )〕
Narayana says that the purpose of creating the work is to encourage proficiency in Sanskrit expression (''samskrita-uktishu'') and knowledge of wise behaviour (''niti-vidyam''). This is done through the telling of moral stories in which birds, beasts and humans interact. Interest is maintained through the device of enclosed narratives in which a story is interrupted by an illustrative tale before resuming. The style is elaborate and there are frequent pithy verse interludes to illustrate the points made by the various speakers.〔K. Ayyappa Paniker, ''Indian Narratology'', New Delhi, 2003, pp.78-83〕 On account of these, which provide by far the greater part of the text, the work has been described as an anthology of (sometimes contradictory) verses from widespread sources relating to statecraft.〔Judit Törzök, ''Friendly Advice'' by Nārāyana and ''King Vikrama's Adventures'', New York University 2007, (pp25ff )〕
In his own introductory verses, Narayana mentions that he is indebted to the ''Panchatantra'' 'and another work', although the sources turn out to be much more various. The ''Hitopadesha'' has the same frame story as the ''Panchatantra'' and many of the same tales are retold, although ten of them appear to come from elsewhere. Furthermore it differs by having only four divisions to the ''Panchatantras five. However, the latter furnishes only a third of the verses quoted.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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