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(Polish: , (ドイツ語:Hnoynik, Gnoynik)) is a village in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic, on the Stonávka River. It has a population of 1,446 (2001 census); 11.5% of the population are Poles. == History == The village was first mentioned in a Latin document of Diocese of Wrocław called ''Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis'' from around 1305 as ''item in Gnoynik''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis )〕〔Hosák et al. 1970, 266.〕 It meant that the village was in the process of location (the size of land to pay a tithe from was not yet precised). The creation of the village was a part of a larger settlement campaign taking place in the late 13th century on the territory of what will be later known as Upper Silesia. Politically the village belonged initially to the Duchy of Teschen, formed in 1290 in the process of feudal fragmentation of Poland and was ruled by a local branch of Piast dynasty. In 1327 the duchy became a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia, which after 1526 became part of the Habsburg Monarchy. The village probably became a seat of a Catholic parish prior to the 16th century. After the 1540s Protestant Reformation prevailed in the Duchy of Teschen and a local Catholic church was taken over by Lutherans. It was taken from them (as one from around fifty buildings) in the region by a special commission and given back to the Roman Catholic Church on 23 March 1654. Since the 15th century, it was owned by several noble families. In 1736, the village was bought by Karl Beess. The Beess family was the last feudal owner of the Hnojník manor. The local population worked mostly as peasants on the properties of the Beess family. Several mills operated in the village. The Beess family established a brewery, distillery and a brickworks. In 1917, Teschen-based Jewish businessman Ignaz Schmelz established a steam-powered sawmill; in 1923, it burnt down and was rebuilt only to be closed soon after. After Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire a modern municipal division was introduced in the re-established Austrian Silesia. The village as a municipality was subscribed to the political and legal district of Cieszyn. According to the censuses conducted in 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 the population of the municipality dropped from 599 in 1880 to 569 in 1910 with a dwindling majority being native Polish-speakers (from 97% in 1880 to 90.5% in 1910) accompanied by a German-speaking people (between 3% and 3.5%) and Czech-speaking (growing from 8 or 1.4% in 1890 to 34 or 6% in 1910). In terms of religion in 1910 majority were Protestants (57%), followed by Roman Catholics (41.5%) and Jews (9 or 1.5%). The village was also traditionally inhabited by Cieszyn Vlachs, speaking Cieszyn Silesian dialect. After World War I, fall of Austria-Hungary, Polish–Czechoslovak War and the division of Cieszyn Silesia in 1920, it became a part of Czechoslovakia as Hnojník. t the beginning of July 1930, the village was visited by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia who then travelled across the Czechoslovak part of Cieszyn Silesia. Following the Munich Agreement, in October 1938 together with the Zaolzie region it was annexed by Poland, administratively adjoined to Cieszyn County of Silesian Voivodeship. It was then annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II. After the war it was restored to Czechoslovakia. The Beess family property was confiscated in November 1945.〔〔Cicha 2004, 34.〕 In 1946, Baron Georg Beess,〔In Czech literature the Czech form of his name, ''Jiří'', appears; in Polish, ''Jerzy''.〕 the last nobleman from the Beess family to own properties in Hnojník, was expelled from the country and was deprived of his property according to the Beneš decrees affecting the Germans in Czechoslovakia. The mayor of Hnojník refused to sign the decree to expel Georg Beess,〔Cicha 2004, 33. (photocopy of an expelling decree having a footnote reading (translated), "The decree to expel Georg Beess which the mayor of Hnojník refused to sign.")〕 nevertheless he was expelled to Germany where he died in 1955.〔(O obci - Zámek v Hnojníku ) from the village's official website〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hnojník」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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