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The term "honky-tonk" has been applied to various styles of 20th century American music. A honky-tonk (also called a honkatonk, honkey-tonk, or tonk) is the name given to a type of bar that provides country music for entertainment to its patrons. Bars of this kind are common in the Southern and Southwestern regions of the United States, where country music is most popular. Many country music legends, such as Loretta Lynn, Merle Haggard, Patsy Cline, and Ernest Tubb began their careers as amateur musicians in honky-tonks. The origin of the term ''honky-tonk'' is disputed.〔The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'')〕 Honky tonks were rough establishments, with music throughout the United States, that served alcoholic beverages to a working class clientele. Honky tonks sometimes also offered dancing, piano players or small bands, and were sometimes also centers of prostitution. Katrina Hazzard-Gordon writes that the honky-tonk was "the first urban manifestation of the jook", and that "the name itself became synonymous with a style of music. ''Honky tonk'' originally referred to bawdy variety shows in the West (Oklahoma and Indian Territories and Texas) and to the theaters housing them. The distinction between honky tonks, saloons and dancehalls was often blurred, especially in cowtowns,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary entry for cowtown )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2015. entry for cowtown )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. S.v. "cowtown." Retrieved April 16, 2015 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cowtown )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Oxford University Press entry for cowtown )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=WordSense.eu Dictionary entry for cowtown )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Vocabulary.com entry for cowtown )〕 mining districts, military forts and oilfields of the West. The first music genre to be commonly known as ''honky tonk music'' was a style of piano playing related to ragtime, but emphasizing rhythm more than melody or harmony; the style evolved in response to an environment where the pianos were often poorly cared for, tending to be out of tune and having some nonfunctioning keys. This honky tonk music was an important influence on the formation of the boogie-woogie piano style. During the pre–World War II years, the music industry began to refer to hillbilly music being played from Texas and Oklahoma to the West Coast as ''honky tonk music''. In the 1950s, honky tonk entered its golden age, with the massive popularity of Webb Pierce, Hank Locklin, Lefty Frizzell, Faron Young, George Jones and Hank Williams. ==Etymology== The origin of the term ''honky-tonk'' is unknown.〔 The earliest-known use in print is a report in the Fort Worth ''Daily Gazette'', dated January 24, 1889, that a "petition to the council is being circulated for signatures, asking that the Honky Tonk theater on Main Street be reopened."〔''Daily Gazette (Fort Worth, Texas), Jan. 24, 1889.〕 The fact the words are capitalized suggests it may have been the proper name for the theater; if so, however, it is not known whether the name was taken from a generic use of the word, or whether the name of the theater became a generic term for similar establishments. There are subsequent citations from 1890 in the Dallas 'Morning News'',〔''Morning News'' (Dallas, Texas), 6 Aug. 1890 "Myself and him set and talked awhile and he got up and said he wanted to go to the honk-a-tonk (variety show)."〕 1892 in the ''Galveston Daily News'' (Galveston, Texas),〔''Galveston Daily News'' (Texas), July 26, 1892, p. 6. " "FORT WORTH, Tex. (...) A youth named Goodman, who arrived here from Wilbarger county entered Andrews' honkatonk on Fifteenth street and was ordered out on account of his age." ((''Honky Tonk (not from Tonk pianos)'', retrieved July 9, 2006 ))〕 (which used the term to refer to an adult establishment in Fort Worth), and in 1894 in ''The Daily Ardmoreite'' in Oklahoma,〔''The Daily Ardmoreite'' (Oklahoma), February 26, 1894, pg. 2, col. 1. (Oklahoma Historical Society, Microfilm #110). "The honk-a-tonk last night was well attended by ball heads, bachelors and leading citizens. Most of them are inclined to kick themselves this morning for being sold."〕 in which it was written "honk-a-tonk". The fact early uses of the term in print mostly appear along a corridor roughly coinciding with cattle drive trails extending from Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas and into South-Central Oklahoma, suggest that the origin of the word may have been a localism spread by cowboys driving cattle to market. The sound of the word "honky tonk" (or "honk-a-tonk") and the types of places that were called "honky tonks" suggests that the word may be an onomatopoeic reference to the loud or boisterous music and noise heard at a honky tonk. One theory is the "tonk" portion of the name may have come from a brand name of piano. One American manufacturer of large upright pianos was the firm of William Tonk & Bros.〔Pierce, ''Pierce Piano Atlas''.〕 (established 1881), which made a piano with the decal "Ernest A. Tonk". These pianos were not manufactured until 1889, contemporaneous to the first occurrences of ''honky tonk'' in print, at which point the term seems to have already been established.〔(Honky Tonk ) World Wide Words〕 On the other hand, the Tonk brothers, William and Max, established the Tonk Bros Manufacturing Company in 1873, so such an etymology is possible.〔() WorldCat〕〔() Memoirs of a Manufacturer〕 An early source purporting to explain the derivation of the term (spelled "honkatonk") was an article published in 1900 by the ''New York Sun'' and widely reprinted in other newspapers.〔''Reno Evening Gazette'' (Nevada), 3 February 1900, p. 2, col. 5.〕 The article, however, reads more like a humorous urban (or open range) legend or fable, so its veracity may be questionable. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Honky-tonk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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