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Horemheb (sometimes spelled ''Horemhab'' or ''Haremhab'' and meaning ''Horus is in Jubilation'') was the last pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from either 1319 BC to late 1292 BC,〔Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill: 2006, p.493 Chronology table〕 or 1306 to late 1292 BC (if he ruled for 14 years) although he was not related to the preceding royal family and is believed to have been of common birth. Before he became pharaoh, Horemheb was the commander in chief of the army under the reigns of Tutankamun and Ay. After his accession to the throne, he reformed the state and it was under his reign that official action against the preceding Amarna rulers began. Horemheb demolished monuments of Akhenaten, reusing their remains in his own building projects, and usurped monuments of Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb presumably remained childless since he appointed his vizier Paramesse as his successor, who would assume the throne as Ramesses I.〔http://www.carlos.emory.edu/RAMESSES/1_introduction.html〕 ==Early career== Horemheb is believed to have originated from Herakleopolis Magna or ancient Hnes (modern Ihnasya el-Medina) on the west bank of the Nile near the entrance to the Fayum since his coronation text formally credits the God Horus of Hnes for establishing him on the throne.〔Alan Gardiner, "The Coronation of King Haremhab," JEA 39 (1953), pp.14, 16 & 21〕 His parentage is unknown but he is believed to have been a commoner. According to the French (Sorbonne) Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal, Horemheb does not appear to be the same person as Paatenemheb (''Aten Is Present In Jubilation'') who was the Commander-in-chief of Akhenaten's army.〔(Virtual Egyptian Museum - The Full Collection )〕 Grimal notes that Horemheb's political career first began under Tutankhamun where he "is depicted at this king's side in his own tomb chapel at Memphis."〔Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell:1992, p.242〕 In the earliest known stage of his life, Horemheb served as "the royal spokesman for () foreign affairs" and personally led a diplomatic mission to visit the Nubian governors.〔 This resulted in a reciprocal visit by "the Prince of Miam (Aniba)" to Tutankhamun's court, "an event (is ) depicted in the tomb of the Viceroy Huy."〔 Horemheb quickly rose to prominence under Tutankhamun, becoming Commander-in-Chief of the Army and advisor to the Pharaoh. Horemheb's specific titles are spelled out in his Saqqara tomb, which was built while he was still only an official: "Hereditary Prince, Fan-bearer on the Right Side of the King, and Chief Commander of the Army"; the "attendant of the King in his footsteps in the foreign countries of the south and the north"; the "King's Messenger in front of his army to the foreign countries to the south and the north"; and the "Sole Companion, he who is by the feet of his lord on the battlefield on that day of killing Asiatics."〔John A. Wilson "''Texts from the Tomb of General Hor-em-heb''" in Ancient Near Eastern Texts (ANET) relating to the Old Testament, Princeton Univ. Press, 2nd edition, 1955. pp.250-251〕 When Tutankhamun died while still a teenager, Horemheb had already been officially designated as the ''rpat'' or ''iry-pat'' (basically the "Hereditary or Crown Prince") and ''idnw'' ("Deputy of the King" in the entire land) by the child pharaoh; these titles are found inscribed in Horemheb's then private Memphite tomb at Saqqara which dates to the reign of Tutankhamun since the child king's ... The title ''iry-pat'' (Hereditary Prince) was used very frequently in Horemheb's Saqqara tomb but not combined with any other words. When used alone, the Egyptologist Alan Gardiner has shown that the ''iry-pat'' title contains features of ancient descent and lawful inheritance which is identical to the designation for a "Crown Prince."〔Alan Gardiner, The Coronation of King Haremhab, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol.39 (1953), pp.13-31〕 This means that Horemheb was the openly recognised heir to Tutankhamun's throne and not Ay, Tutankhamun's ultimate successor. As the Dutch Egyptologist Jacobus Van Dijk observes: The aged Vizier Ay sidelined Horemheb's claim to the throne and instead succeeded Tutankhamun, probably because Horemheb was in Asia with the army at the time of Tutankhamun's death. No objects belonging to Horemheb were found in Tutankhamun's tomb, whereas items donated by other high-ranking officials such as Maya and Nakhtmin were found in tomb KV62 by Egyptologists. Further, Tutankhamun's queen, Ankhesenamun, refused to marry Horemheb, a commoner, and so make him king of Egypt.〔THE NEW KINGDOM NECROPOLIS OF MEMPHIS: THE NEW KINGDOM NECROPOLIS OF MEMPHIS. Historical and Iconographical Studies by JACOBUS VAN DIJK, Ibid., pp.50-51 & 56-60 ((online: pp.42-43 & 48-52) )〕 Having pushed Horemheb's claims aside, Ay proceeded to nominate the aforementioned Nakhtmin, who was possibly Ay's son or adopted son, to succeed him rather than Horemheb.〔Wolfgang Helck, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie: Texte der Hefte 20-21 (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1984), pp.1908-1910〕〔THE NEW KINGDOM NECROPOLIS OF MEMPHIS: THE NEW KINGDOM NECROPOLIS OF MEMPHIS. Historical and Iconographical Studies by JACOBUS VAN DIJK, University of Groningen dissertation. Groningen 1993. "Chapter One: Horemheb, Prince Regent of Tutankh'amun," pp.59-62 ((online: pp.51-54) )〕 After Ay's reign, which lasted for a little over four years, Horemheb managed to seize power, presumably thanks to his position as Commander of the Army, and to assume what he must have perceived to be his just reward for having ably served Egypt under Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb quickly removed Nakhtmin's rival claim to the throne and arranged to have Ay's WV23 tomb desecrated by smashing the latter's sarcophagus, systematically chiselling out Ay's name and figure out of the tomb walls and probably destroying Ay's mummy.〔Tomb 23 in the western annex of the Valley of the Kings; see Porter & Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyph Texts, Reliefs and Parts, vol. 1, part 2, (Oxford Clarendon Press:1960), pp.550-551〕 However, he spared Tutankhamun's tomb from vandalism presumably because it was Tutankhamun who had promoted his rise to power and chosen him to be his heir. Horemheb also usurped and enlarged Ay's mortuary temple at Medinet Habu for his own use and erased Ay's titulary on the back of a 17-foot colossal statue by carving his own titulary in its place. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Horemheb」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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