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Horizontality or horizontalism is a social relationship that advocates the creation, development, and maintenance of social structures for the equitable distribution of management power. These structures and relationships function as a result of dynamic self-management, involving the continuity of participation and exchange between individuals to achieve the larger desired outcomes of the collective whole. ==Origin== As a specific term, ''horizontalidad'' is attributed to the radical movements that sprouted in December 2001, in Argentina, after the economic crisis. According to Marina Sitrin, it is a new social creation. Different from many social movements of the past, it rejected political programs, opting instead to create directly democratic spaces and new social relationship.〔(Ruptures in imagination: Horizontalism, autogestion and affective politics in Argentina ). By Marina Sitrin. Centre for Global Education〕 The related term ''horizontals'' arose during the anti-globalisation European Social Forum in London in 2004 to describe people organising in a style where they "aspire to an open relationship between participants, whose deliberative encounters (rather than representative status) form the basis of any decisions," in contrast to "verticals" who "assume the existence and legitimacy of representative structures, in which bargaining power is accrued on the basis of an electoral mandate (or any other means of selection to which the members of an organisation assent)".〔 Horizontalidad is related to the theories of communist anarchism, social ecology and libertarian municipalism, autonomist marxism and participatory economics.〔Sitrin, Marina (ed.). (''Horizontalism: Voices of Popular Power in Argentina'' ). AK Press, 2006 ISBN 1-904859-58-5. 〕 According to these schools of thought, horizontality seems to be a necessary factor for real freedom because it allows personal autonomy within a framework of social equality. These approaches advocate a kind of socialist direct democracy and workers' councils (''autogestion'') or community/neighborhood councils. According to Paul Mason, "the power of the horizontalist movements is, first, their replicability by people who know nothing about theory, and secondly, their success in breaking down the hierarchies that seek to contain them. They are exposed to a montage of ideas, in a way that the structured, difficult-to-conquer knowledge of the 1970s and 1980s did not allow (...) The big question for horizontalist movements is that as long as you don’t articulate against power, you’re basically doing what somebody has called ''"reform by riot"'':〔(From an anonymous manifesto that circulated by e-mail among Occupy London protesters, in October, 2011 ): "(...) reform by riot – a division of labour by which a kid in a hoodie goes to prison for two years and a man in a suit gains sudden acceptance of his liberal reform plans – is as long as the history of capitalism."〕 a guy in a hoodie goes to jail for a year so that a guy in a suit can get his law through parliament".〔(Tweetin' 'bout a revolution ): Paul Mason talks about ''Why It’s Kicking Off Everywhere: the new global revolutions'' and horizontalist movements. ''Red Pepper'', February 2012.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Horizontalidad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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