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Horoi
''Horoi'' (Greek: Ὅροι, Latin: ''Definitiones'') is the title of an ancient collection of definitions that was sometimes ascribed to Plato in antiquity and was sometimes included in the Platonic corpus, but certainly was not written by Plato (as some ancient authors recognized). The collection is thus also known as the ''Pseudo-Platonic Definitions.'' It is included, along with other material of doubtful authenticity, in Burnet's ''Oxford Classical Text'' edition of Plato's works.
In modern scholarship, the ''Horoi'' is thought to have little philosophical value. Given the sophistication of Plato's and Aristotle's efforts in the area of definition, this collection seems to be an elementary text produced by second-rate, philosophical study. Its early date, however, does give it some importance as a source for the history of ancient Platonism.〔Hans Günter Zekl (ed.): ''Aristoteles: Organon'', v. 2, Hamburg 1998, pp. LXIV, LXX–LXXII.〕
== Content ==
The ''Horoi'' is a list of 184 terms important in early Platonism together with one or more brief definitions. Though not in alphabetical or any other simple order, it is possible to discern some features of the organization of the collection. Definitions 1-20 consist chiefly of terms from natural philosophy. Definitions 21-107, the main section of the collection, contain concepts from ethics (affects and virtues), political theory, logic, grammar, and epistemology. Definitions 108-184 are a final appendix that contains a mixture of concepts which sometimes duplicate earlier terms and therefore was probably added at a later date. There are few terms drawn from metaphysics. It is probable that the collection underwent changes through the centuries since the number of definitions in the surviving manuscripts varies.〔Luc Brisson: ''Platon: Dialogues douteux et apocryphes''. In Richard Goulet (ed.): ''Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques'', v. 5, part 1, Paris 2012, pp. 833–841: 839; Joseph Souilhé (ed.): ''Platon: Œuvres complètes'', v. 13, part 3, 2nd edition, Paris 1962, p. 157f.〕
Methodologically, the ''Horoi'' is related to the Platonic Method of Division (diairesis) that progresses from the more general to the more specific, i.e., from 'above' to 'below.' Definitions were constructed by first giving the genus of the thing to be defined and then giving more and more of its special characteristics (its differentia) until it was fully distinguished from other members of the genus. Such a definition therefore gives the lowest species for the thing defined. In the ''Horoi,'' for example, the word ''definition'' is defined as ''an expression that is composed of genus and differentia.''〔''Horoi'' 415a.〕 Many definitions in the ''Horoi'' follow these principles and define terms by giving their genus and distinguishing characteristics. A human, for example, is a two-footed animal without wings.〔''Horoi'' 415a.〕 Here, ''two-footed animal'' is the lowest genus that contains humans and ''without wings'' distinguishes humans from all the other two-footed animals, i.e., from birds. Other definitions, however, consist only of lists of characteristics or are trivial explanations of words. Many concepts are defined simply by giving the distinguishing characteristic. Humans, for example, are also defined as the only rational animal.
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