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Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya ((ハンガリー語:Vitéz〔"Vitéz" refers to a Hungarian knightly order founded by Miklós Horthy ("Vitézi Rend"); literally, "vitéz" means "knight" or "valiant".〕 nagybányai Horthy Miklós); (:ˈviteːz ˈnɒɟbaːɲɒi ˈhorti ˈmikloːʃ); English: Nicholas Horthy;〔Owen Rutter, Averil Mackenzie-Grieve, Lily Doblhoff (baroness.): Regent of Hungary: the authorized life of Admiral Nicholas Horthy〕 (ドイツ語:Nikolaus Horthy Ritter von Nagybánya); 18 June 18689 February 1957) was a Hungarian admiral and statesman, who served as Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary between World Wars I and II and throughout most of World War II, from 1 March 1920 to 15 October 1944. He was styled "His Serene Highness the Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary" (Hungarian: ''Ő Főméltósága a Magyar Királyság Kormányzója''). Horthy started his career as a Frigate Lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian Navy in 1896 and attained the Admiralty in 1918. He served in the Otranto Raid and at the Battle of the Strait of Otranto and became Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the last year of the First World War. In 1919, following a series of revolutions and interventions in Hungary involving the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia, Horthy returned to Budapest with the National Army and established a regency government. Horthy led a national conservative〔John Laughland: ''A History of Political Trials: From Charles I to Saddam Hussein'', Peter Lang Ltd, 2008 ()〕 government through the interwar period, banning the communist party as well as the fascist Arrow Cross party, and pursuing an irredentist foreign policy in the face of the Treaty of Trianon. Charles IV unsuccessfully attempted to regain his throne twice from Horthy until, in 1921, the parliament formally nullified the pragmatic sanction, effectively dethroning the Habsburgs. In the later 1930s, Horthy's foreign policy led him into an alliance with Nazi Germany. With Adolf Hitler's support, Horthy was able to reclaim ethnically Hungarian lands lost after World War I on four separate occasions. Under Horthy's leadership Hungary participated in the invasion of the Soviet Union and of Yugoslavia. However, Horthy's reluctance to contribute to the German war effort and to the deportation of Hungarian Jews, coupled with attempts to strike a secret deal with the Allies, eventually led the Germans to invade and take control of the country in March 1944. In October 1944, Horthy announced that Hungary would surrender and withdraw from the Axis. He was forced to resign, placed under arrest and taken to Bavaria. At the end of the war, he came under the custody of American troops. After appearing as a witness at the Nuremberg war-crimes trials in 1948, Horthy settled and lived out his remaining years in exile in Portugal. His memoirs, ''Ein Leben für Ungarn'' (''A Life for Hungary''), were first published in 1953. He is perceived as a controversial historical figure in contemporary Hungary. ==Early life and naval career== Miklós Horthy was born at Kenderes to an old Calvinist noble family descended from István Horti, ennobled by King Ferdinand II in 1635. Miklós Horthy, Sr. (1830—1904), a member of the House of Magnates and lord of a 1,500 acre estate,〔(【引用サイトリンク】author=Genealogy Euweb )〕 had wed Paula Halassy (1839—1895) in 1857.〔 Miklós was the fourth of their eight children; after István, Zoltán, and Paula and before Erzsébet, Szabolcs, Jenő, and Jenő. Horthy entered the Austro-Hungarian naval academy at Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia) at age 14. Because the naval academy's official language was German, for the rest of his life Horthy spoke Hungarian with a slight, but noticeable, Austro-German accent. He also spoke Italian, Croatian, English, and French.〔 As a young man, Horthy travelled around the world and served as a diplomat for the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Turkey and other countries. Horthy married Magdolna Purgly in Arad in 1901. They had four children: Magdolna (1902), Paula (1903), István (1904) and Miklós (1907). From 1911 until 1914 he was a naval aide-de-camp to Emperor Franz Joseph, for whom he had a great respect. At the beginning of the war, Horthy was commanding the pre-dreadnought battleship . In 1915 he earned a reputation for boldness while commanding the new light cruiser . He planned the 1917 attack on the Otranto Barrage, which resulted in the Battle of the Strait of Otranto, the largest naval engagement of the war in the Adriatic. A consolidated British, French and Italian fleet met with the Austro-Hungarian force. Despite the numerical superiority of the Entente fleet, the Austrian force emerged from the battle victorious. The Austrian fleet remained relatively unscathed, however Horthy was wounded. After the February 1918 Cattaro mutiny, Emperor Charles selected Horthy over many more senior commanders as the new Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Fleet in March 1918. In June, Horthy planned another attack on Otranto, and in a departure from the cautious strategy of his predecessors, he committed the empire's battleships to the mission. While sailing through the night, the dreadnought met Italian MAS torpedo boats and was sunk, causing Horthy to abort the mission. He managed however to preserve the rest of the empire's fleet in being until he was ordered by Emperor Charles to surrender it to the new State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs on 31 October.〔 The end of the war saw Hungary turned into a landlocked nation, and hence the new government had little need for Horthy's services. He retired with his family to his private estate at Kenderes, but his role as a Hungarian leader was far from over. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Miklós Horthy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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