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Hotepsekhemwy
Hotepsekhemwy is the Horus name of an early Egyptian king who was the founder of the 2nd dynasty. The exact length of his reign is not known; the Turin canon suggests an improbable 95 years〔Alan H. Gardiner: ''The royal canon of Turin''. Griffith Institute of Oxford, Oxford (UK) 1997, ISBN 0-900416-48-3; page 15 & Table I.〕 while the Ancient Egyptian historian Manetho reports that the reign of "Boëthôs" lasted for 38 years.〔William Gillian Waddell: ''Manetho (The Loeb Classical Library, Volume 350)''. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2004 (Reprint), ISBN 0-674-99385-3, page 37–41.〕 Egyptologists consider both statements to be misinterpretations or exaggerations. They credit Hotepsekhemwy with either a 25- or a 29-year rule.〔Dietrich Wildung: ''Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewusstsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil 1: Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien''; Münchener Ägyptologische Studien, Volume 17. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München/Berlin, 1969''. page 31-33.〕
== Name sources ==
Hotepsekhemwy's name has been identified by archaeologists at Sakkara, Giza, Badari and Abydos from clay seal impressions, stone vessels and bone cylinders. Several stone vessel inscriptions mention Hotepsekhemwy along with the name of his successor Raneb.〔Wolfgang Helck: ''Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit (Ägyptologische Abhandlungen)'', Vol. 45, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987, ISBN 3-447-02677-4〕〔Guy Brunton: ''Qau and Badari I'', with chapters by Alan Gardiner and Flinders Petrie, British School of Archaeology in Egypt 44, London 1927: Bernard Quaritch, Tafel XIX, 25〕〔Gaston Maspero: ''Notes sur les objets recueillis sous la pyramide d'Ounas'' in: ''Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Egypt (ASAE)'' Vol. III. Kairo 1902, pages 185–190.〕〔Eva-Maria Engel: ''Die Siegelabrollungen von Hetepsechmui und Raneb aus Saqqara''. In: Ernst Czerny, Irmgard Hein, Hermann Hunger, Dagmar Melman, Angela Schwab: ''Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak''. Peeters, Leuven 2006, ISBN 90-429-1730-X, page 28–29.〕
The Horus name of Hotepsekhemwy is the subject of particular interest to Egyptologists and historians, as it may hint at the turbulent politics of the time. The Egyptian word "Hotep" means "peaceful" and "to be pleased" though it can also mean "conciliation" or "to be reconciled", too. So Hotepsekhemwy's full name may be read as "the two powers are reconciled" or "pleasing in powers", which suggests a significant political meaning. In this sense, "the two powers" could be a reference to Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt as well as to the major deities Horus and Seth.〔〔〔Peter A. Clayton: ''Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt'', Thames and Hudson, London 2006, ISBN 0-500-28628-0, page 26.〕
From the reign of Hotepsekhemwy onward it became a tradition to write the Horus name and the nebty name in the same way. It is thought that some kind of philosophic background affected that choice, since the Horus name reveals a clearly defined, symbolic meaning in its translation. Horus- and nebty names being the same might also indicate, that the Horus name was adopted after ascending the throne.〔
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