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Huang-Lao or Huanglao () was the most influential Chinese school of thought in the early 2nd-century BCE Han dynasty, and is generally interpreted as a school of syncretism. Shen Buhai was the earliest known political philosopher to have been influenced by Huang-Lao,〔Rickett, Guanzi (1985) p.15〕 though through his administrative innovations becoming known as a Legalist. Like the more purely administrative Shen Buhai, the mainstay of its activity originated in the multifarious Jixia Academy and is usually associated with a Realpolitikal Taoism like that of the Huainanzi, but also sometimes Confucian syncretism. A number of chapters of the ''Guanzi'', which places considerable importance considerable traditional Confucian values, express a blend of what may be considered Legalistic, Confucian, and Daoistic philosophy that has been termed "Huang-Lao".〔Ricket, Guanzi (1985) p.3〕 With the dominance of Confucian orthodoxy, historically all such material would often simply be rubricked under the term Fa-Jia ("Legalism"). Past scholarship believed Huang-Lao to be a highly mystical branch of Taoism, developing into a major religion during the early Han dynasty. But recent discoveries revealed it's doctrines to be an important school of political thought, which, while having it's base in Qi, spread south to develop in areas belonging to Chu,〔Rickett, Guanzi (1985) p.19-20〕 whose culture was inherited by the Han dynasty. Excepting the ''Huangdi Neijing'', most Huang-Lao texts have vanished, and traditional scholarship associates this philosophical school with syncretist Chinese classics, namely the Legalistic ''Hanfeizi'', the Taoistic ''Huainanzi'', but also the more Confucian ''Xunzi'' and ''Guanzi''. Modern scholars are reinterpreting Huang-Lao following the 1973 discovery of the Legalistic Mawangdui Silk Texts, which included four manuscripts, called the ''Huang-Lao boshu'' (黄老帛书 "Huang-Lao Silk Texts"), that are controversially identified as the long-lost ''Huangdi Sijing'' ("Yellow Emperor's Four Classics"). Though the primary qualification of the trend is syncretism, it is suggested that, aside from the more obvious feudalism of any Confucianistic texts coming out of the Jixia Academy, the Taoistic Realpolitk too had its origins in a broader political-philosophical drive looking for solutions to strengthen the feudal order as depicted in Zhou propaganda, coming to fruition in the early Han Dynsty and opposing more absolutist-based politic like that of Qin "Legalism". For instance, the later Taoistic Huainanzi includes a naturalist argument against Legalism in favour of rule by worthies on the basis that one needs their competence for such things for diplomacy. But the primary factor for the term still being syncretism, on such a basis "Legalist" texts like that of Shen Dao and the Han Feizi are generally included under the heading. For that matter, though deft Han Emperors like Jing were steeped in Taoistic laissez-faire ideology, they would still end up overseeing the combating and bureaucratization of the Han feudal realm. Huang-Lao Daoist philosophy was favoured at the Western Han courts of Emperor Wen (r. 180 – 157 BCE) and Emperor Jing (r. 157 – 141 BCE), before Emperor Wu (r. 141– 87 BCE) established Confucianism as the state philosophy. Hans van Ess (1993:173) analyzed the ''Shiji'' and ''Hanshu'' biographies of 2nd-century BCE individuals described as "Huang-Lao" followers, and found they were either members of a Huang-Lao faction or a ''Ru'' "Confucian" and ''Fa'' "Legalist" faction. The historian Sima Qian used the term Huang-Lao "as a characterization of persons belonging to a political group which was the faction he belonged to as well." These historical members of the Huang-Lao faction had three political policies in common: "opposing the campaigns in the north" against the Xiongnu, "affiliation to rich and independent families with a power-base far from the capital" at Chang'an, and "opposing the measures to deprive the feudal kings of their power." ==Terminology== ''Huang-Lao'' is a portmanteau word, with Huang referring to the Yellow Emperor (黃帝) and Lao to Laozi (老子 "Old Master"). The related Daoist name ''Huanglao jun'' () was a deification of Laozi as a reincarnated personification of the Dao. The term ''Huang-Lao'' first appears in the (109 – 91 BCE) ''Records of the Grand Historian'', which was begun by Sima Tan and completed by his son Sima Qian. Sima Tan studied under a Huang-Lao master with a philosophical lineage dating back to the Warring States period Jixia Academy at the court of Qi (modern Shandong). Naturally, his work was rather biased towards Daoism and feudalism (or the Chinese version of it). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Huang-Lao」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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