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Hujum
Hujum ((ロシア語:''Худжум''); in Turkic languages, ''storming'' or ''assault'', from Arabic: هجوم) was a series of policies and actions taken by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, initiated by Joseph Stalin, to try to have women in the Muslim majority areas of the Soviet Union remove their veils. The hujum was literally an "attack" on all manifestations of perceived gender inequality, especially on the archaic systems of female veiling and seclusion, practiced in Central Asia.〔Northrop (2001a), p. 115.〕 Thus the party recast their message of class revolution into the novel lexicon of women's liberation. By abolishing the means of oppression apparent in Uzbekistan, and heralding in women's liberation, the Soviets believed they could clear the way for the construction of socialism. The hujum campaign's purpose was to rapidly change the lives of Uzbek women so that they may participate in public life, paid work, education, and ultimately membership in the Communist Party. It was originally conceived to enforce laws that gave women in patriarchal societies equality by creating literacy programs and bringing women into the labor force.
The program initiated around 1927, and was a change of the previous Bolshevik policy of religious freedom for the Muslims in Central Asia.〔(The Bolsheviks and Islam ), ''International Socialism'' - Issue: 110〕 However, quite in contrary to its aim, Hujum was seen by many Muslims as an outside foreign force, namely Russians, attempting to force their culture upon the indigenous population, namely Tajiks, Tatars, and Uzbeks, and so the veil became a cultural identity marker.〔 Wearing it became an act of religious and political defiance, and a sign of support for the respective ethnic nationalism.〔 Prior to Hujum many women were in positions of power in the soviets of Muslim areas, however, despite Hujums aim of "emancipating" the "oppressed" Muslim women, after its instigation the number of women in power decreased remarkably.〔〔(Book Review of Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia by Douglas Northrop ) - Sharon A. Kowalsky - June 2005〕
==Pre-Soviet traditions==
Veiling in Central Asia was intricately related to class, ethnicity, and religious practice. Prior to Soviet rule, Nomadic Kazakh, Kirgiz, and Turkmen women used a yashmak, a veil that covered only the mouth.〔Edgar (2003), p. 137.〕 The yashmak was applied in the presence of elders and was rooted in tribal rather than Islamic custom.)
Tatars emigrating from Russia were unveiled.〔Kamp (2006), p. 35.〕 Though Muslim, they had been under Russian rule since the 17th century, and were in many ways Europeanized. Only settled Uzbeks and Tajiks had strict veiling practices, which Tamerlane supposedly initiated.〔Kamp (2006), p. 136〕 Even among this population, veiling depended on social class and location. Urban women veiled with chachvon (face veil) and paranji (body veil), although the cost of the veil prevented poorer women from using it.〔Khalid (1998), p. 222.〕 Rural Uzbeks, meanwhile, wore a chopan, a long robe that could be pulled up to cover the mouth in the presence of men.〔Kamp (2006), p. 132.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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