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Halkomelem 〔Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh〕 (''Halq̓eméylem'' in the Upriver dialect, ''Hul̓q̓umín̓um̓'' in the Island dialect, and ''hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓'' in the Downriver dialect)〔(The Halkomelem Language )〕 is a language of various First Nations peoples in British Columbia, ranging from southeastern Vancouver Island from the west shore of Saanich Inlet northward beyond Gabriola Island and Nanaimo to Nanoose Bay and including the Lower Mainland from the Fraser River Delta upriver to Harrison Lake and the lower boundary of the Fraser Canyon. In the classification of Salishan languages, Halkomelem is a member of the Central Salish branch. There are four other branches of the family: Tsamosan, Interior Salish, Bella Coola, and Tillamook. Speakers of the Central and Tsamosan languages are often identified in ethnographic literature as "Coast Salish." The word "Halkomelem" is an anglicization for the language which has three distinct dialect groups: (1) an Island group, spoken by six separate but closely related First Nations on Vancouver Island and adjoining islands on the west side of the Strait of Georgia: the Snuynemuxw, Nanoose, Chemainus, Cowichan, Halalt, Lake Cowichan, Lyackson, and Penelakut,〔(Hul'quim'num Treaty Group )〕 (2) a Downriver group, spoken by the Musqueam, Tsawwassen, Kwantlen, Tsleil-Waututh, Qayqayt, Kwikwetlem, and Katzie First Nations, and (3) an Upriver group, the Upper Sto:lo, spoken from the Matsqui First Nation on upstream to Yale. The language differences (namely, in phonology and lexicon) are greatest between the Island and Upriver dialects, with the Downriver dialect (especially the Tsawwassen First Nation) providing a central link between the other two. The diversity of the Halkomelem dialects is noted to be the result of complex social and economic forces and linguistic change, as many Island people crossed the Georgia Strait to camp along the Fraser River (in both the Downriver and Upriver areas) for the summer runs of salmon. Arranged marriages between children in different language areas was also common, helping to establish a regional social network in the Strait of Georgia-Puget Sound Basin. ==Use and revitalization efforts== The Halkomelem language is near extinction. In 2000, it was estimated that the number of fluent Halkomelem speakers was less than one dozen. Most are middle-aged or older, and few are monolingual, as there was a flood of English-speaking settlers in the region in the mid-nineteenth century. Language programs at the Stó:lō Nation, Seabird Island First Nation, and Cowichan First Nation have been developed to save the language. A program aimed at adults at Musqueam is a collaboration between the band and the University of British Columbia First Nations and endangered languages programme. In September 2009, The University of California Press published his ''Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem''. A Halkomelem iPhone app was released in 2011. As of 2010, 278 fluent speakers had been reported. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Halkomelem」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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