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Hydroamination
Hydroamination is the addition of an N-H bond of an amine across a carbon-carbon multiple bond of an alkene, alkyne, diene, or allene. In the ideal case, hydroamination is atom economical and green. Amines are common in fine-chemical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries.〔Jain, A. (Hydroamination- Direct Addition of Amines to Alkenes and Alkynes )〕 Hydroamination can be used intramolecularly to create heterocycles or intermolecularly with a separate amine and unsaturated compound.〔Chemical Reviews, 2008, Vol. 108, No. 9〕 The development of catalysts for hydroamination remains an active area, especially for alkenes.
==History==
The first intramolecular hydroaminations were reported by Tobin J. Marks in 1989 using metallocene derived from rare-earth metals such as lanthanum, lutetium, and samarium. Catalytic rates correlated inversely with the ionic radius of the metal, perhaps as a consequence of steric interference from the ligands.〔Gagné, M. R.; Marks, T. J. ''J. Am. Chem. Soc''. 1989, 111, 4108 .〕 In 1992, Marks developed the first chiral hydroamination catalysts by using a chiral auxiliary, which were the first hydroamination catalysts to favor only one specific stereoisomer. Chiral auxiliaries on the metallocene ligands were used to dictate the stereochemistry of the product.〔Gagné, M. R.; Brard, L.; Conticello, V. P.; Giardello, M. A.; Marks, T. J.; Stern, C. L. Organometallics, 1992, 11, 2003.〕 The first non-metallocene chiral catalysts were reported in 2003, and used bisarylamido and aminophenolate ligands to give higher enantioselectivity.〔O'Shaughnessy, P. N.; Scott, P. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 1979〕
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