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Hydrochlorothiazide (abbreviated HCTZ, HCT, or HZT), is a diuretic medication often used to treat high blood pressure and swelling due to fluid build up.〔 Other uses include diabetes insipidus, renal tubular acidosis, and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with high calcium level in the urine.〔 For high blood pressure it is often recommended as a first line treatment.〔 HCTZ is taken by mouth and may be combined with other blood pressure medications as a single pill to increase the effectiveness.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/hydrochlorothiazide.html )〕 Potential side effects include poor kidney function, electrolyte imbalances especially low blood potassium and less commonly low blood sodium, gout, high blood sugar, and feeling faint initially upon standing up.〔 While allergies to HCTZ are reported to occur more often in those with allergies to sulfa drugs this association is not well supported.〔 It may be used during pregnancy but is not a first line medication in this group.〔 It is in the thiazide medication class and acts by decreasing the kidneys' ability to retain water.〔 This initially reduces blood volume, decreasing blood return to the heart and thus cardiac output.〔 Long term, however, it is believed to lower peripheral vascular resistance. Two companies, Merck and Ciba, state they discovered the medication which became commercially available in 1959. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. In 2008 it was the second most commonly used blood pressure medication in the United States.〔 It is available as a generic drug〔 and is relatively affordable. ==Medical uses== Hydrochlorothiazide is frequently used for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, symptomatic edema, diabetes insipidus, renal tubular acidosis.〔 It is also used for the prevention of kidney stones in those who have high levels of calcium in their urine.〔 Most of the research supporting the use of thiazide diuretics in hypertension was done using chlorthalidone, a different medication in the same class. Some more recent studies have suggested that chlorthalidone might be the more effective thiazide diuretic. It is also sometimes used for treatment of hypoparathyroidism, hypercalciuria, Dent's disease, and Ménière's disease. For diabetes insipidus, the effect of thiazide diuretics is presumably mediated by a hypovolemia-induced increase in proximal sodium and water reabsorption, thereby diminishing water delivery to the ADH-sensitive sites in the collecting tubules and increasing the urine osmolality. Thiazides are also used in the treatment of osteoporosis. Thiazides decrease mineral bone loss by promoting calcium retention in the kidney, and by directly stimulating osteoblast differentiation and bone mineral formation. It may be given together with other antihypertensive agents in fixed combination preparations, such as in hydrochlorothiazide/losartan. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hydrochlorothiazide」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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