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Hydroformylation
Hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an important homogeneously catalyzed industrial process for the production of aldehydes from alkenes.〔Ojima, I.; Tsai, C.-Y.; Tzamarioudaki, M.; Bonafoux, D. ''Org. React.'' 2000, ''56'', 1. 〕 This chemical reaction entails the addition of a formyl group (CHO) and a hydrogen atom to a carbon-carbon double bond. This process has undergone continuous growth since its invention in 1938: Production capacity reached 6.6×106 tons in 1995. It is important because the resulting aldehydes are easily converted into many secondary products. For example, the resulting aldehydes are hydrogenated to alcohols that are converted to plasticizers or detergents. Hydroformylation is also used in specialty chemicals, relevant to the organic synthesis of fragrances and natural products. The development of hydroformylation, which originated within the German coal-based industry, is considered one of the premier achievements of 20th-century industrial chemistry.
The process typically entails treatment of an alkene with high pressures (between 10 to 100 atmospheres) of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at temperatures between 40 and 200 °C. Transition metal catalysts are required.
==Catalysts==
The original catalyst was HCo(CO)4, discovered by Otto Roelen.〔http://www.tu-braunschweig.de/Medien-DB/anchem/homogenekat-4bw.pdf〕 Subsequent work demonstrated that the ligand tributylphosphine (PBu3) improved the selectivity of the cobalt-catalysed process. In the 1960s, highly active rhodium catalysts were discovered.〔
〕 Since the 1970s, most hydroformylation relies on catalysts based on rhodium.〔J. F. Hartwig; Organotransition metal chemistry – from bonding to catalysis. University Science Books. 2009. 753, 757–578. ISBN 978-1-891389-53-5.〕 Subsequent research led to the development of water-soluble catalysts that facilitate the separation of the products from the catalyst.〔Cornils, B.; Herrmann, W. A. (eds.) “Aqueous-Phase Organometallic Catalysis” VCH, Weinheim: 1998〕
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