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Hypocrisy is the claim or pretense of holding beliefs, standards, behaviors, or virtues that one does not truly hold. In common usage, "hypocrisy" often refers to a failure to do that which one asks of others. Samuel Johnson warned against this characterization in writing about the misuse of the charge of "hypocrisy" in ''Rambler No. 14'': that on the contrary, hypocrisy is the criticism of others upon their ''refusal'' to do things that you falsely claim to be doing yourself. "Nothing is more unjust, however common, than to charge with hypocrisy him that expresses zeal for those virtues which he neglects to practice; since he may be sincerely convinced of the advantages of conquering his passions, without having yet obtained the victory, as a man may be confident of the advantages of a voyage, or a journey, without having courage or industry to undertake it, and may honestly recommend to others, those attempts which he neglects himself."〔Rambler 14, P. 145. In Chalmers, Alexander: Full text of ("The British essayists : with prefaces, historical and biographical" ) Retrieved 2009-04-15.〕 An alcoholic's pleas for temperance, for example, would not be considered an act of hypocrisy as long as the alcoholic made no pretense of sobriety. Recent studies in psychology have identified the evolutionary bases and the mental mechanisms of hypocrisy, tracing its roots to adaptations that serve contradictory functions in the human brain, and to cognitive biases and distortions that predispose humans to readily perceive and condemn faults in others, while failing to perceive and condemn faults of their own. ==Etymology== The word ''hypocrisy'' comes from the Greek ὑπόκρισις (''hypokrisis''), which means "jealous", "play-acting", "acting out", "coward" or "dissembling".〔Pocket Oxford Classical Greek Dictionary, ed Morwood and Taylor, OUP 2002〕 The word ''hypocrite'' is from the Greek word ὑποκρίτης (''hypokritēs''), the agentive noun associated with υποκρίνομαι (hypokrinomai κρίση, "judgment" »κριτική (kritiki), "critics") presumably because the performance of a dramatic text by an actor was to involve a degree of interpretation, or assessment. Alternatively, the word is an amalgam of the Greek prefix ''hypo-'', meaning "under", and the verb ''krinein'', meaning "to sift or decide". Thus the original meaning implied a deficiency in the ability to sift or decide. This deficiency, as it pertains to one's own beliefs and feelings, informs the word's contemporary meaning. Whereas ''hypokrisis'' applied to any sort of public performance (including the art of rhetoric), ''hypokrites'' was a technical term for a stage actor and was not considered an appropriate role for a public figure. In Athens in the 4th century BC, for example, the great orator Demosthenes ridiculed his rival Aeschines, who had been a successful actor before taking up politics, as a ''hypocrites'' whose skill at impersonating characters on stage made him an untrustworthy politician. This negative view of the ''hypokrites,'' perhaps combined with the Roman disdain for actors, later shaded into the originally neutral ''hypokrisis.'' It is this later sense of ''hypokrisis'' as "play-acting", i.e., the assumption of a counterfeit persona, that gives the modern word ''hypocrisy'' its negative connotation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hypocrisy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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