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Hyrcania
Hyrcania or Verkâna was the name of a satrapy located in the territories of the present day Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces of Iran and part of Turkmenistan, lands south of the Caspian Sea. To the Greeks, the Caspian Sea was the "Hyrcanian Sea".
==Etymology==
''Hyrcania'' (Ὑρκανία) is the Greek name for the region in historiographic accounts. It is a calque of the Old Persian ''Verkâna'' as recorded in Darius the Great's Behistun Inscription (522 BCE), as well as in other Old Persian cuneiform inscriptions. ''Verkā'' means "wolf" in Old Iranian, cf. Avestan ''vəhrkō'', Gilaki and Mazandarani ''Verk'', Modern Persian ''gorg'', and Sanskrit ''Vŗka'' (''वृक''). See also Warg. Consequently, ''Hyrcania'' means "Wolf-land". The name was extended to the Caspian Sea and underlie the name of the city Sari (Zadracarta), the first and then-largest city in northern Iran ( Mazandaran, Golestan and Gilan ) and the capital of ancient Hyrcania.
Another archaic name, Dahistān (not to be confused with ''dehestan'' – a modern Iranian word for "district" or "county") is sometimes used interchangeably with Hyrcania. Dahistān refers, strictly speaking to the "place of the Dahae": an extinct people who lived immediately north of Hyrcania, as early as the 5th Century BCE.〔(François de Blois & Willem Vogelsang, 2011, "Dahae", ''Encyclopedia Iranica'' ) (23 May 2015).〕 Apart from the geographical proximity of the Dahae, their ethnonym may have etymological similarities to "Hyrcanians"; for example, religious historian David Gordon White, reiterating a point made by previous scholars, suggests that ''Dahae'' resembles the Proto-Indo-European ''
*dhau'' "strangle", which was apparently also a euphemism for "wolf".〔David Gordon White, 1991, ''Myths of the Dog-Man'', Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp. 27, 239.〕
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