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Independent Television News (ITN) is a British-based news and content provider. It is made up of three divisions: ITN News, ITN Source and ITN Productions. ITN is based in London, with bureaux and offices in Beijing, Brussels, Jerusalem, Johannesburg, New York, Paris, Sydney and Washington DC. ITN produces content for ITV, Channel 4, Channel 5, UK mobile phone operators, online outlets such as YouTube, MSN, Telegraph Media Group, Yahoo!, and film producers and researchers worldwide. ITN (between 1955 and 1999) was more commonly known as the general brand name of ITV's news programmes. Since 1999, ITN is no longer used as the brand name; however, the company still produces all ''ITV News'' programmes. ==History== ITN was founded in January 1955 by the Independent Television Authority, as part of the new British commercial television network referred to as "Independent Television" (later ITV). It began as a consortium of the initial ITV broadcasting companies, with former Labour MP Aidan Crawley as editor-in-chief. One of those companies, the London weekday contract-holder Associated-Rediffusion offered the new company studio space in its headquarters in Aldwych, London. The first bulletin was broadcast at 10pm on 22 September 1955 on ITV's launch night. The bulletin was presented by champion athlete Christopher Chataway. From the start, ITN broke new ground by introducing in-vision newscasters and reporter packages. The unique, probing reporting style of Robin Day caused shock among politicians, finding themselves questioned continually for information – this had never been the case with the BBC. There was also some early tensions with the ITV companies. ABC Television, the ITV contractor for the north on weekends and midlands on weekdays immediately called for shorter ITN bulletins. While the ITA ruled on a minimum of a 20-minute bulletin, disagreements with the ITV companies over ITN's budget triggered the resignation of its News Editor Aidan Crawley after just 1 year in 1956. He was replaced by Geoffrey Cox.〔https://books.google.ie/books?id=-jTzHji8JSEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=itv&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAmoVChMI3MDo7sukyAIVw20UCh0gSgw_#v=onepage&q=itn&f=false〕 Throughout the early years, ITN continued to develop its service to the ITV network with an agenda to firstly, fulfil its PSB requirements and secondly satisfy the ITV companies by attracting viewers. Under this method ITN continued to differentiate from the BBC by conducting probing interviews, more human interest stories, bringing ordinary people on to screen by using vox pops all of which were seen as a radical departure at the time in British media.〔https://books.google.ie/books?id=-jTzHji8JSEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=itv&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAmoVChMI3MDo7sukyAIVw20UCh0gSgw_#v=onepage&q=itn&f=false〕 As ITV expanded, each ITV company that made up the network's federal structure had to purchase a stake in ITN and to continue to finance the company. In 1967, ITN was given the go ahead by the ITA to provide a full 30 minute daily news programme at 10pm on ITV. There was further tension with the ITV executives as they were sceptical of the idea that viewers would not want a full 30 minutes of news every Monday to Friday and they were also losing valuable peak time slots which could be used for commercial activity. ''News at Ten'' began broadcasting on 3 July 1967 with a newscaster team consisting of Alastair Burnet, Andrew Gardner, George Ffitch and Reginald Bosanquet. It was initially given a 13-week trial run, however, the programme proved to be extremely popular with viewers and continued for a further 32 years. ''News at Ten'' was to become one of the most prestigious and iconic news programmes of its time in British history with a reputation for high quality journalism and innovation.〔https://books.google.ie/books?id=-jTzHji8JSEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=itv&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAmoVChMI3MDo7sukyAIVw20UCh0gSgw_#v=onepage&q=itn&f=false〕 ITN's ''News at Ten'' also prompted the BBC to establish a fixed nightly news bulletin at 9pm. ''The Nine O'Clock News'' began broadcasting in 1970 as ''News at Ten's'' rival. ITN also established other programmes in the ITV schedule. ''First Report'', a lunchtime bulletin began in 1972 and by 1976, ''News at 5.45'' commenced. This was a period when ITN enjoyed its greatest plaudits, following Lord Annan's 1977 report on the future of broadcasting, which declared: "We subscribe to the generally held view that ITN has the edge over BBC news."〔http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jul/20/sir-alastair-burnet〕 ITN commenced producing ''Channel 4 News'' when the channel started broadcasting in 1982. The programme was launched by Peter Sissons, Trevor McDonald and Sarah Hogg. The hour long programme has been broadcast at 7pm since it started and has a reputation for high quality journalism and thorough analysis. Until the 1990s, ITN had a guaranteed right and obligation to provide news for ITV and Channel 4. Since the Broadcasting Act 1990, ITN has had to apply and bid for a licence to provide such services on these networks and would have to fight competition in order to preserve its services, as had become the case with other ITV franchisees. The Broadcasting Act also changed the ownership rules of ITN. The ITV companies were no longer the owners of ITN but rather external investors to expand the service and transform it into a profit - making operation.〔http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jul/20/sir-alastair-burnet〕 The move was to transform the company from a 'cost centre' to a 'profit making business'. The move saw 400 staff made redundant and the closure of a number of international bureaux to claw back a £10 million deficit in order to provide a competitive product to obtain the ITV news contract. Within 3 years the company turned to profit in 1993 with suggestions at the time that the company should be listed on the stock exchange.〔https://books.google.ie/books?id=-jTzHji8JSEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=itv&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAmoVChMI3MDo7sukyAIVw20UCh0gSgw_#v=onepage&q=itn&f=false〕 The company launched 5 News in 1997 following the foundation of Channel 5. The 1990s saw major changes to the television landscape in Britain. The growth of multichannel television saw ITV's share of audience fall. Against this backdrop ITV itself became increasingly commercially aggressive. This was to be a major turning point in ITN's history which saw a reduction in the ITV news contract. By this period the main ITV companies Granada and Carlton had also viewed unfavorably the scheduling of ''News at Ten'' which became a subject of dispute between ITN and the ITV companies. ITN favoured keeping the bulletin, however, the ITV companies claimed audiences were lost at 10pm as the news interrupted films and drama programming. ''News at Ten'' eventually ended on March 1999 with ITN's flagship bulletin moved to 6.30pm with a shorter late night bulletin at 11pm. Consolidation of the ITV network under a unified ITV brand also saw the removal of the on-screen ITN brand which was replaced with ''ITV News''.〔https://books.google.ie/books?id=vbLlAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130&dq=itn+itv&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMIqeiM6-ukyAIVSjkUCh0VfwQ-#v=onepage&q=itn%20itv&f=false〕 From this point, the ITN brand was gradually phased out and it is now only referenced to in the end production caption. The early years of the 21th century was to prove to be a challenging period. The axing of ''News at Ten'' caused public outcry and ITN's viewership figures fell by 13.9%〔https://books.google.ie/books?id=onN_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=ITN+news+at+ten+axing&source=bl&ots=0R5mURWkSl&sig=C3G18Q3j5vtGWC3ZTiSzMJBC8f0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCsQ6AEwBDgKahUKEwjwhK-l86TIAhWGbhQKHSEZCkA#v=onepage&q=ITN%20news%20at%20ten%20axing&f=false〕 Political pressure and pressure from the media resulted in ITV bringing back a shorter 20minute bulletin at 10pm 3 nights a week. The programme eventually lost share to the BBC News at Ten (which launched in 2000 to capitalize on ITV's move) and ITV eventually axed the programme again in 2004 and moved the bulletin to 10.30pm before bringing it back to 10pm again in 2008. The biggest challenge came in 2001 when British Sky Broadcasting bid to supply network news to ITV as part of a consortium. ITN eventually succeeded and was awarded a contract extension to 2008. In January 2005 Sky News took over supplying bulletins to Channel 5; ITN had produced ''5 News'' since its launch in 1997 and the contract was returned in February 2012, following a change of ownership at Channel 5. Also in 2005, ITN started producing The Queen's speech to the Commonwealth at Christmas once every two years, so that, for the first time since the inception of Independent Television in 1955, ITN produced a programme for its rival the BBC. In August 2000, ITN launched its own 24-hour news channel in the UK, broadcast on satellite, cable and digital terrestrial. It was 50% owned by ITN and 50% owned by NTL. Carlton and Granada gradually bought out the two stakes and renamed the channel the ITV News Channel. The ITV News Channel closed down on 23 December 2005. Poor ratings in comparison to BBC News 24 and Sky News, and ITV's desire to re-use the channel's allocation on Freeview, were cited as the reasons. In March 2004 following its acquisition of the London News Network, a company previously owned by the now merged Carlton and Granada, ITN began producing local news bulletins for the ITV London region. ITN produced More4 News between 2005 and 2009. In 2007 it began producing Setanta Sports News, however, it closed in 2009. Between 1996 and 2002, it also owned a share of London News Radio, which was based at ITN's Gray's Inn Road headquarters and operated the LBC and News Direct London radio stations. ITN used to operate a radio news service on behalf of Independent Radio News (IRN) but on 15 October 2008, IRN announced that Sky News Radio was to replace ITN as its main supplier from March 2009. While news production remains the cornerstone of ITN's business model, the company has diversified from its original remit. ITN Source (originally ITN Archive) is one of the worlds largest sources of historical film.〔http://www.itnsource.com/en/〕 ITN Productions creates multi-platform content for major global brands, covering genres such as factual, entertainment, news and corporate production. Clients that commission award-winning programmes from ITN Productions include major UK and international broadcasters such as ITV, the BBC, Channel 4, Channel 5, History and Discovery, with television commissions including Climbing Great Buildings on BBC2 and Mud Men on History.〔http://nativityfactor.com/Nativity/About〕 John Hardie is the Chief Executive Officer of ITN, a position he took up in June 2009. Prior to this, he was Executive VP and MD of Walt Disney Television EMEA. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ITN」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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