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Ice-ice
Ice-ice is a disease condition of seaweed. Ice-ice is caused when changes in salinity, ocean temperature and light intensity cause stress to seaweeds, making them produce a "moist organic substance" that attracts bacteria in the water and induces the characteristic "whitening" and hardening of the seaweed's tissues.〔(DOST.gov.ph: )〕 Bacteria involved include those in the ''Vibrio-Aeromonas'' and ''Cytophaga-Flavobacteria'' complexes.〔Hurtado, A. J., et al. (2006). (Occurrence of ''Polysiphonia'' epiphytes in ''Kappaphycus'' farms at Calaguas Is., Camarines Norte, Philippines. ) ''Journal of Applied Phycology'' 18:301-06.〕 The bacteria lyse epidermal cells and chloroplasts, turning the seaweed tissue white.〔 The disease is known from seaweeds including ''Kappaphycus alvarezii'' and ''Eucheuma denticulatum'', economically important sources of carrageenan.〔〔Largo, D. B., et al. (1995). (Laboratory-induced development of the ice-ice disease of the farmed red algae ''Kappaphycus alvarezii'' and ''Eucheuma denticulatum'' (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). ) ''Journal of Applied Phycology''. 7:6.〕 In countries where seaweed is harvested as a crop, ice-ice can wreak havoc on yields. Zamboanga, Philippines, had an outbreak of ice-ice in 2004,〔 and Bali, Indonesia, experienced an outbreak in 2009.〔(JakartaPost: Rising sea temperatures bad news for seaweed farmers )〕 A rise in surface sea temperatures of 2-3 degrees Celsius can trigger ice-ice outbreaks.〔
== References ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Ice-ice」の詳細全文を読む
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