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Ijtihad
''Ijtihad'' ((アラビア語:اجتهاد) ', "diligence") is an Islamic legal term that means "independent reasoning" or "the utmost effort an individual can put forth in an activity." It is recognized as the decision-making process in Islamic law (sharia) through personal effort (jihad) which is completely independent of any school (madhhab) of jurisprudence (fiqh). As opposed to taqlid, it requires a "thorough knowledge of theology, revealed texts and legal theory (usul al-fiqh); an exceptional capacity for legal reasoning; thorough knowledge of Arabic." By using both the Qu'ran and Hadith as resources, the scholar is required to carefully rely on analogical reasoning to find a solution to a legal problem, which is considered to be a religious duty for those qualified to conduct it. Thus, a ''mujtahid'' is recognized as an Islamic scholar who is competent in interpreting ''sharia'' by ''ijtihad''. Today, there are many different opinions surrounding the role of ''ijtihad'' in modern society.
==Etymology and definition==
The word derives from the three-letter Arabic verbal root of ''-H-D'' (', 'struggle'): the "t" is inserted because the word is a derived stem VIII verb. Specifically, ''ijtihad'' means to "struggle with oneself" through deep thought. ''Ijtihad'' is defined as a "process of legal reasoning and hermeneutics through which the jurist-mujtahid derives or rationalizes law on the basis of the Qu'ran and the Sunna; during the early period, the exercise of one's discretionary opinion (ra'y) on the basis of the knowledge of the precedent (‘ilm)."
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Ijtihad」の詳細全文を読む
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