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Illegalism is an anarchist philosophy that developed primarily in France, Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland during the early 1900s as an outgrowth of individualist anarchism.〔"The illegalisis in this study,...As anarchist individualists, they came from a milieu whose most important theoretical inspiration was unduubtedly Max Stimer — whose work The Ego and Its Own remains the most powerful negation of the State, and affirniation of the individual, to date."—Richard Parry, ''The Bonnot Gang: the history of the French illegalists''], 1987, p. 5.〕〔"Parallel to the social, collectivist anarchist current there was an individualist one whose partisans emphasized their individual freedom and advised other individuals to do the same...Some individualists rebelled by withdrawing from the economy and forming voluntary associations to achieve self-sufficiency. Others took the route of illegalism, attacking the economy through the direct individual reappropriation of wealth. Thus theft, counterfeiting, swindling and robbery became a way of life for hundreds of individualists, as it was already for countless thousands of proletarians.—"THE "ILLEGALISTS"" by Doug Imrie (from Anarchy: a Journal Of Desire Armed, Fall-Winter, 1994–95)〕 The illegalists openly embraced criminality as a lifestyle. == Emergence == Illegalism first rose to prominence among a generation of Europeans inspired by the unrest of the 1890s, during which Ravachol, Émile Henry, Auguste Vaillant, and Caserio committed daring crimes in the name of anarchism, in what is known as propaganda of the deed. Influenced by theorist Max Stirner's egoism,〔"a new generation of anarchists, spurred on by the individualist' ideas of Max Stirner, were to take as their point of departure exactly what Jean Grave objected to, that the rebel who secretly stole was no more than an ordinary thief. The developing theory of 'illegalism^ had no moral basis> recognizing only the reality of might in place of a theory of 'right'. Illegal acts were to be done simply to satisfy one's desires, not for the greater glory of some external 'ideal'. The illegalists were to make a theory of theft without the embarrassment of theoretical justifications." — Richard Parry. ''The Bonnot Gang: the history of the French illegalists''. 1987.〕 the illegalists in France broke from anarchists like Clément Duval and Marius Jacob who justified theft with a theory of la reprise individuelle (''Eng: individual reclamation''). Instead, the illegalists argued that their actions required no moral basis - illegal acts were taken not in the name of a higher ideal, but in pursuit of one's own desires. "In Paris, this milieu was centred on the weekly paper, ''L’Anarchie'' and the ''Causeries Populaires'' (regular discussion groups meeting in several different locations in and around the capital each week), both of which were founded by Albert Libertad and his associates".〔Richard Parry. ''The Bonnot Gang: the history of the French illegalists''. 1987. p. 5.〕 After Peter Kropotkin along with others decided to enter labor unions after their initial reservations,〔"This inability to break definitively with collectivism in all its forms also exhibited itself over the question of the workers’ movement, which divided anarchist-communism into a number of tendencies." ("Anarchist-Communism" by Alain Pengam )〕 there remained "the anti-syndicalist anarchist-communists, who in France were grouped around Sebastien Faure’s ''Le Libertaire''. From 1905 onwards, the Russian counterparts of these anti-syndicalist anarchist-communists become partisans of economic terrorism and illegal ‘expropriations’."〔 Illegalism as a practice emerged and within it "The acts of the anarchist bombers and assassins ("propaganda by the deed") and the anarchist burglars ("individual reappropriation") expressed their desperation and their personal, violent rejection of an intolerable society. Moreover, they were clearly meant to be exemplary, invitations to revolt.".〔("The "illegalists" by Doug Imrie. From "Anarchy: a Journal Of Desire Armed", Fall-Winter, 1994-95 )〕 But in another less dramatic sense "At that time this term was used to indicate all those practices prohibited by law that were useful for resolving the economic problems of comrades: robbery, theft, smuggling, counterfeiting money and so on."〔("Beyond the Law" by Penelope Nin on Various Authors ''Articles from “Canenero”'' )〕 Such acts of rebellion which could be individual〔 were in the long run seen as acts of rebellion which could ignite a mass insurrection leading to revolution. Proponents and activists of this tactic among others included Johann Most, Luigi Galleani, Victor Serge, and Severino Di Giovanni. "In Argentina, these tendencies flourished at the end of the 20s and during the 30s, years of acute repression and of flinching of the once powerful workers movement –this was a desperation, though heroic, of a decadent movement."〔http://news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=20061228140637965 Notes on the article "Anarchism, Insurrections and Insurrectionalism" by: Collin Sick]〕 France's Bonnot Gang was the most famous group to embrace illegalism. The Bonnot Gang (''La Bande à Bonnot'') was a French criminal anarchist group that operated in France and Belgium during the Belle Époque, from 1911 to 1912. Composed of individuals who identified with the emerging illegalist ''milieu'', the gang utilized cutting-edge technology (including automobiles and repeating rifles) not yet available to the French police. Originally referred to by the press as simply "The Auto Bandits", the gang was dubbed "The Bonnot Gang" after Jules Bonnot gave an interview at the office of Petit Parisien, a popular daily paper. Bonnot's perceived prominence within the group was later reinforced by his high-profile death during a shootout with French police in Nogent-sur-Marne. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Illegalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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