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The Ilustrados (Spanish for "erudite,"〔The American Heritage Spanish Dictionary (2nd ed.)〕 "learned,"〔http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltObtenerHtml?origen=RAE&LEMA=despotismo&SUPIND=0&CAREXT=10000&NEDIC=No#ilustrado.〕 or "enlightened ones"〔) constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. They were the middle class who were educated in Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. The ''Ilustrado'' class was composed of native-born intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and racial lines—''Indios'', ''Insulares'', and ''mestizos'', among others—and sought reform through “a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power” under Spanish tutelage. Stanley Karnow, in his ', referred to the ''Ilustrados'' as the “rich Intelligentsia” because many were the children of wealthy landowners. They were key figures in the development of Filipino nationalism.〔(Glossary: Philippines, Area Handbook Series, Country Studies, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, LOC.gov (undated) ), retrieved on: July 30, 2007〕〔(Grimsley, Mark. The Philippine War: 1899-1902, Ohio-State.edu, 1993, 1996 ), retrieved on: August 1, 2007〕〔Karnow, Stanley. ', Ballantine Books, Random House, Inc., March 3, 1990, 536 pages, page 15. - ISBN 0-345-32816-7〕〔(The Rise of the Philippine Middle Class (Ilustrados), Mega Essays LLC, MegaEssays.com, 2007 ), retrieved on: August 1, 2007〕〔(Philippines: The Spanish Colony, Student Encyclopedia Article, Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., Britannica.com ), retrieved on: August 1, 2007〕〔( History of the Philippines ), Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs, PhilippineEmbassy-USA.org (undated, archived from (the original ) on 2007-07-13), retrieved on: August 1, 2007〕 ==History== The most prominent ''Ilustrados'' were Graciano López Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna and José Rizal, the Philippine national hero. Rizal’s novels ''Noli Me Tangere'' ("Touch Me Not") and ''El filibusterismo'' ("The Subversive") “exposed to the world the injustices imposed on Filipinos under the Spanish colonial regime”.〔〔(Salvador, Fr. Emerson, Liberalism in the Philippines, The Revolution of 1898: The Main Facts, Newsletter of the District of Asia, Society of St. Pius X, District of Asia, January - March 2002 ), retrieved on: August 1, 2007〕 In the beginning, Rizal and his fellow ''Ilustrados'' preferred not to win independence from Spain, instead they yearned legal equality for both ''Peninsulares'' and natives—''Indios'', ''Insulares'', and ''mestizos'', among others—in the economic reforms demanded by the ''Ilustrados'' were that “the Philippines be represented in the Cortes and be considered as a province of Spain” and “the secularization of the parishes.”〔〔 However, in 1872, nationalist sentiment grew strongest, when three Filipino priests, José Burgos, Mariano Gómez and friar Jacinto Zamora, who had been charged with leading a military mutiny at an arsenal in Cavite, near Manila, were executed by the Spanish authorities. The event and “other repressive acts outraitings and activities, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896. His execution propelled the ''Ilustrados'' . This also prompted unity among the ''Ilustrados'' and Andrés Bonifacio’s radical ''Katipunan''.〔 Philippine policies by the United States reinforced the dominant position of the ''Ilustrados'' within Filipino society. Friar estates were sold to the ''Ilustrados'' and most government positions were offered to them.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ilustrado」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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