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Impi
Impi is a Zulu word for any armed body of men. However, in English it is often used to refer to a Zulu regiment, which is called an ''ibutho'' in Zulu. Its beginnings lie far back in historic tribal warfare customs, when groups of armed men called ''impis'' battled. They were systematised radically by the Zulu king Shaka, who was then only the exiled illegitimate son of king Senzangakona, but already showing much prowess as a general in the army of Mthethwa king Dingiswayo in the Mthethwa-Ndwandwe war in the early 1810s.
==Genesis of the impi==
The Zulu impi is popularly identified with the ascent of Shaka, ruler of the relatively small Zulu tribe before its explosion across the landscape of southern Africa, but its earliest shape as a purposeful instrument of statecraft lies in the innovations of the Mwetha chieftain Dingiswayo, according to some historians (Morris 1965).〔Donald Morris, The Washing of the Spears. p. 32-67〕 These innovations in turn drew upon existing tribal customs, such as the ''iNtanga''. This was an age grade tradition common among many of the Bantu peoples of the continent's southern region. Youths were organised into age groups, with each cohort responsible for certain duties and tribal ceremonies. Periodically, the older age grades were summoned to the kraals of sub-chieftains, or ''inDunas'', for consultations, assignments, and an induction ceremony that marked their transition from boys to full-fledged adults and warriors, the ''ukuButbwa''. Kraal or settlement elders generally handled local disputes and issues. Above them were the inDunas, and above the inDunas stood the chief of a particular clan lineage or tribe. The inDunas handled administrative matters for their chiefs – ranging from settlement of disputes, to the collection of taxes. In time of war, the inDunas supervised the fighting men in their areas, forming leadership of the military forces deployed for combat. The age grade ''iNtangas'', under the guidance of the inDunas, formed the basis for the systematic regimental organisation that would become known worldwide as the impi.〔Morris, 32–67〕
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