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In sociology and social psychology, impression management is a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event. They do so by regulating and controlling information in social interaction Impression management is usually used synonymously with self-presentation, in which a person tries to influence the perception of their image. The notion of impression management also refers to practices in professional communication and public relations, where the term is used to describe the process of formation of a company's or organization's public image. ==Self-presentation (psychology)== Self-presentation is conveying information about oneself - or an image of oneself - to others. There are two types and motivations of self-presentation: * presentation meant to match one's own self image, and * presentation meant to match audience expectations and preferences. The concept of self is important to the theory of impression management as the images people have of themselves shape and are shaped by social interactions . Our self-concept develops from social experience early in life.〔Schlenker 1980, p. 85.〕 Schlenker (1980) further suggests that children anticipate the effect that their behaviours will have on others and how others will evaluate them. They control the impressions they might form on others and in doing so they control the outcomes they obtain from social interactions. Social identity refers to how people are defined and regarded in social interactions . Individuals use impression management strategies to influence the social identity they project to others.〔 The identity that people establish influences their behaviour in front of others, others' treatment of them and the outcomes they receive. Therefore, in their attempts to influence the impressions others form of themselves, a person plays an important role in affecting his social outcomes.〔Schlenker 1980, p. 90.〕 Self-presentation is expressive. Individuals construct an image of themselves to claim personal identity, and present themselves in a manner that is consistent with that image.〔Schlenker 1980, p. 37.〕 If they feel like it is restricted, they often exhibit reactance or become defiant - try to assert their freedom against those who would seek to curtail self-presentation expressiveness. An example of this dynamic is the "preacher’s daughter", whose suppressed personal identity and emotions cause an eventual backlash at her family and community. People adopt many different Self-presentation strategies, such as: * Boasting - Millon notes, that in self-presentation individuals are challenged to balance boasting against discrediting themselves via excessive self promotion or being caught and being proven wrong. Individuals often limited ability to perceive how our efforts impact our acceptance and likeability by others. * Flattery - Flattery or praise to increase social attractiveness . * Ingratiation - Intimidation, aggressively showing anger to get others to hear and obey us.〔Felson 1984, p. 187.〕 Self-presentation can be either defensive or assertive strategies. Whereas defensive strategies include behaviours like avoidance of threatening situations or means of self-handicapping, assertive strategies refer to more active behaviour like the verbal idealisation of the self, the use of status symbols or similar practices.〔Piwinger; Ebert 2001, p. 26.〕 These strategies play important roles in one's maintenance of self-esteem.〔Leary; Kowalski 1990.〕 One's self-esteem is affected by their evaluation of their own performance and their perception of how others react to their performance. As a result, people actively portray impressions that will elicit self-esteem enhancing reactions from others.〔Hass 1981〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Impression management」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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