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''Indraloris'' is a fossil primate from the Miocene of India and Pakistan in the family Sivaladapidae. Two species are now recognized: ''I. himalayensis'' from Haritalyangar, India (about 9 million years old) and ''I. kamlialensis'' from the Pothohar Plateau, Pakistan (15.2 million years old). Other material from the Potwar Plateau (16.8 and 15.2 million years old) may represent an additional, unnamed species. Body mass estimates range from about 2 kg (4.4 lb) for the smaller ''I. kamlialensis'' to over 4 kg (8.8 lb) for the larger ''I. himalayensis''. ''Indraloris'' is known from isolated teeth and fragmentary lower jaws. The jaw is deep under the last premolars, but becomes shallower towards the front. The lower premolars are elongate. The lower molars are shorter and broader than those of ''Sivaladapis''. ''Indraloris'' may have been arboreal and at least partly frugivorous. When the first ''Indraloris'' fossils were discovered in the early 1930s, one was misidentified as a carnivoran and the other as a loris. The carnivoran identification was corrected in 1968, and in 1979 ''Indraloris'' and the related ''Sivaladapis'' were identified as late survivors of Adapiformes, an archaic primate group. ==Taxonomy== Currently, ''Indraloris'' is considered to be a valid genus within the family Sivaladapidae, containing two named species: ''I. himalayensis'' from India and ''I. kamlialensis'' from Pakistan. A third species may be represented in the Pakistani material of ''Indraloris''. However, ''Indraloris'' has had a complicated taxonomic history, and some of the known material was misidentified as members of other mammalian groups for decades. In 1932, British paleontologist Guy Pilgrim described two species from the Miocene of what is now India and Pakistan, ''Sivanasua palaeindica'' from Chinji (Pakistan) and ''Sivanasua himalayensis'' from Haritalyangar (India). He attributed both to ''Sivanasua'', a carnivoran genus otherwise known from Europe. The next year, American scientist G. Edward Lewis described the new genus and species ''Indraloris lulli'' from Haritalyangar, which he provisionally allocated to the family Lorisidae. The generic name, ''Indraloris'', combines the name of the god Indra with the generic name ''Loris'', and the specific name, ''lulli'', honors Richard Swann Lull, at the time director of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. It was not until 1968 that American anthropologist Ian Tattersall noted that Pilgrim's ''Sivanasua'' species had been misidentified; he suggested that ''Sivanasua himalayensis'' was probably the same as ''Indraloris lulli'', but left the affinities of ''Sivanasua palaeindica'' open. Tattersall, who also described additional material of ''Indraloris'', continued to regard the animal as a lorisid. Lewis had suggested that ''Indraloris'' might derive from the Adapidae, a primitive group of primates, and in the 1970s some authors provisionally placed ''Indraloris'' among the Adapidae. In 1979, American and Indian paleontologists Philip Gingerich and Ashok Sahni reviewed ''Indraloris'' and the Indo-Pakistani "''Sivanasua''" species. They recognized ''Sivanasua himalayensis'' and ''Indraloris lulli'' as representing the same species, ''Indraloris himalayensis'', and created the new genus ''Sivaladapis'' for ''Sivanasua palaeindica'' and another species that had been named later, ''Sivanasua nagrii''. Gingerich and Sahni considered both ''Indraloris'' and ''Sivaladapis'' to be adapids. Several other authors suggested similar taxonomic rearrangements around the same time. In 1979, Herbert Thomas and Surinder Verma agreed that ''Indraloris'' and ''Sivaladapis'' were adapids, but placed them in a subfamily of their own, Sivaladapinae. Also in 1979, Frederick Szalay and Eric Delson placed ''Indraloris'' in its own tribe, Indralorisini, within Adapidae. In 1980, Indian paleontologists S.R.K. Chopra and R.N. Vasishat placed both of Pilgrim's ''Sivanasua'' species in ''Indraloris'' and argued that ''Indraloris lulli'', ''Sivanasua himalayensis'' and ''Sivanasua nagrii'' all represented the same species—''Indraloris himalayensis''. They listed ''Sivanasua palaeindica'' as a second ''Indraloris'' species, ''I. palaeindica'', and continued to regard ''Indraloris'' as a lorisid. Gingerich and Sahni published in more detail on ''Sivaladapis'' in 1984. They then placed the two genera in a separate subfamily of Adapidae, called Sivaladapinae because that name was published two months before Indralorisini. In 1985, Vasishat continued to classify ''Indraloris'' and ''Sivaladapis'' in a single genus, and ''Indraloris himalayensis'' and ''Sivaladapis nagrii'' in a single species, but other authors have not followed this classification. In a 1998 review, primatologist Marc Godinot recognized Sivaladapidae as a separate family within the Adapiformes, and this classification has been followed since then. Several genera in addition to ''Indraloris'' and ''Sivaladapis'' are now allocated to Sivaladapidae, which is known from the Eocene through the Miocene of China, Thailand, Myanmar, India, and Pakistan. Sivaladapids are notable for including by far the youngest adapiforms; members of this group are otherwise known mostly from the Eocene, but several sivaladapids occurred during the Miocene. Despite these taxonomic changes, ''Indraloris'' remained known from only two specimens (the holotypes of ''Indraloris lulli'' and ''Sivanasua palaeindica'') until 2005. Both of those specimens—an isolated first lower molar (m1) and a mandible (lower jaw) fragment with m1, respectively—come from Haritalyangar in the Nagri Formation. In 2005, however, American paleontologists Lawrence Flynn and Michèle Morgan described five teeth of ''Indraloris'' from fossil sites in the older Kamlial Formation as a second species in the genus, ''Indraloris kamlialensis''. The species was named after the Kamlial Formation. In addition, they suggested that two lower jaw fragments from the Kamlial Formation represented a third, larger species of ''Indraloris''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indraloris」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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