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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Infantry square ： ウィキペディア英語版 Infantry square Historically an infantry square, also known as a hollow square, is a combat formation an infantry unit forms in close order usually when threatened with cavalry attack. With the development of modern firearms and the demise of cavalry this formation is now considered obsolete. ==Very early history== The formation was described by Plutarch〔See, e.g., Plutarch's ''Life of Crassus'' 23.3, available thanks to the (University of Chicago )〕 and used by the Romans, and was developed from an earlier circular formation. In particular, a large infantry square was utilized by the Roman legions at the Battle of Carrhae against Parthia, whose armies contained a large proportion of cavalry. This is not to be confused with the testudo formation, which also resembled a square, but was used for protection against ranged weapons such as arrows.〔(''Decisive Battles'', History Channel. ''Crassus: Rich Man, Poor Man''. Aired September 3, 2004. )〕 The Han Empire's mounted infantry forces effectively utilized tactics involving highly mobile infantry square formations in conjunction with light cavalry in their many engagements against the primarily cavalry Xiongnu nomad armies in the 1st century AD. Infantry squares were used in the siege of the nomads' mountain settlements near the Gobi region, where Han forces repelled nomad lancer attacks. The square was revived in the 14th century as the ''schiltron'', and later appeared as the pike square or tercio, and was widely used in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.〔A detailed exposition of the square in action and much else is contained in a book by the British General Richard Kane, printed in 1745 after his death: “A New System of Military Discipline for a Battalion of Foot on Action; With the Most Essential Exercise of the Cavalry, Adorned with a Map of the Seat of War and A Plan to the Exercise”. ()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Infantry square」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.