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Infibulation
Infibulation is the surgical removal of the external female genitalia and the suturing of the vulva. It can also refer to placing a clasp through the foreskin in men.
==Female==
Female infibulation, known as Type III female genital mutilation by the World Health Organization and as pharaonic circumcision in Africa, is the removal of the inner and outer labia, and the suturing of the vulva.〔For "pharaonic circumcision," Ellen Gruenbaum, ''The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001, pp. (43–45 ).〕 It is mostly practised in northeastern Africa, particularly Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and Sudan.〔P. Stanley Yoder, Shane Khan, ("Numbers of women circumcised in Africa: The Production of a Total )", USAID, DHS Working Papers, No. 39, March 2008, pp. 13–14.〕
The procedure leaves a wall of skin and flesh across the vagina and the rest of the pubic area. By inserting a twig or similar before the wound heals, a small hole is created for the passage of urine and menstrual blood. The procedure is usually accompanied by the removal of the clitoral glans. The legs are bound together for two to four weeks to allow healing.〔Comfort Momoh, "Female genital mutilation," in Comfort Momoh (ed.), ''Female Genital Mutilation'', Radcliffe Publishing, 2005, p. (7 ).〕
The vagina is usually penetrated at the time of a woman's marriage by her husband's penis, or by cutting the tissue with a knife. The vagina is opened further for childbirth, and usually closed again afterwards, a process known as defibulation (or deinfibulation) and reinfibulation. Infibulation can cause chronic pain and infection, organ damage, prolonged micturition, urinary incontinence, inability to get pregnant, difficulty giving birth, obstetric fistula and fatal bleeding.〔Jasmine Abdulcadira, et al, ("Care of women with female genital mutilation/cutting" ), ''Swiss Medical Weekly'', 6(14), January 2011. 〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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