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Infologs are independently designed synthetic genes derived from one or a few genes where substitutions are systematically incorporated to maximize information. Infologs are designed for perfect diversity distribution to maximize search efficiency. Typical protein engineering methods rely on screening a high number (106-1012 or more) of gene variants to identify individuals with improved activity using a surrogate high throughput screen (HTP) to identify initial hits. Unfortunately, results are defined by what is screened for, thus the “hit” from the HTP screen often has very little real activity in a lower throughput assay more indicative of the improved functionality for which the protein is being developed. By adapting the standard algorithms for engineering complex systems to work with biological systems, the resulting process enables researchers to deconvolute how substitutions within a protein sequence modify its function. Combining these algorithms with an integrated query and ranking mechanism allows the identification of appropriate sequence substitutions.〔This technology is covered by (United States issued patent US 8,005,620 )〕 Infologs refers to the set of designed genes, singular use Infolog describes an individual variant. == Ancestry == Homology between protein or DNA sequences is defined in terms of shared ancestry. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of either a speciation event (orthologs) or a duplication event (paralogs). Homologs are similar genes and/or proteins which are related by ancestry. Orthologs are the 'same' gene, but from different organisms. Homologous sequences are orthologous if they were separated by a speciation event: when a species diverges into two separate species, the copies of a single gene in the two resulting species are said to be orthologous. Orthologs, or orthologous genes, are genes in different species that originated by vertical descent from a single gene of the last common ancestor. The term "ortholog" was coined in 1970 by Walter Fitch. Paralogs are related genes originating from one gene that through duplication ended up as two genes that over time has evolved for two separate functions (or, according to a recent Science paper, a promiscuous starting gene that duplicated and each copy evolved towards different functions). Paralogs typically have the same or similar function, but sometimes do not: due to lack of the original selective pressure upon one copy of the duplicated gene, this copy is free to mutate and acquire new functions. Paralogs usually occur from within the same species. Xenologs are homologs resulting from horizontal gene transfer between two organisms. Xenologs can have different functions, if the new environment is vastly different for the horizontally moving gene. In general, though, xenologs typically have similar function in both organisms. Infologs are similar genes and/or proteins which are related by synthetic ancestry to approach perfect diversity distribution. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Infologs」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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