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Ingvaeonic , also known as North Sea Germanic, is a postulated grouping of the northern West Germanic languages, comprising Old Frisian, Old English, and Old Saxon,〔 Some include West Flemish. Cf. Bremmer (2009:22).〕 and their descendants. Ingvaeonic is named after the Ingaevones, a West Germanic cultural group or proto-tribe along the North Sea coast. It is not thought of as a monolithic proto-language, but rather as a group of closely related dialects that underwent several areal changes in relative unison.〔For a full discussion of the areal changes involved and their relative chronologies, see Voyles (1992).〕 The grouping was first proposed in ''Nordgermanen und Alemanen'' (1942) by German linguist and philologist Friedrich Maurer, as an alternative to the strict tree diagrams which had become popular following the work of 19th century linguist August Schleicher and which assumed the existence of a special Anglo-Frisian group. The other groupings are Istvaeonic, from the Istvaeones, including Dutch, Afrikaans, and related languages; and Irminonic, from the Irminones, including the High German languages. ==Characteristics== Linguistic evidence for Ingvaeonic are common innovations observed in Old Frisian, Old English and Old Saxon such as the following: *The so-called Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law, which (e.g.) converted '' *munþ'' "mouth" into '' *mūþ'' (cf. Old English ''mūþ''). *The loss of the reflexive pronoun *The reduction of the three verbal plural forms into one form ending in ''-þ'' *The development of Class III weak verbs into a relic class consisting of four verbs ('' *sagjan'' "to say", '' *hugjan'' "to think", '' *habjan'' "to have", '' *libjan'' "to live") *The split of the Class II weak verb ending '' *-ō-'' into '' *-ō-/-ōja-'' *Development of a plural ending *-ōs in a-stem nouns *Possibly, the monophthongization of '' *ai'' to ''ē/ā'', and '' *au'' to ''ō/ā'' (this may represent independent changes in Old Saxon and Anglo-Frisian) Several, but not all, of these characteristics are also found in Dutch. It did not generally undergo the nasal spirant law (except for a few words), it kept the three plural endings distinct, and it did not have the ''-s'' plural. But it did undergo near-full monophthongization (some instances of ''-ei-'' persisted), it did lose the reflexive pronoun (and later regained it through borrowing), and had the same four relic verbs in weak class 3. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ingvaeonic languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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