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Integrism ''((フランス語:Intégrisme))'' is a term coined in 19th and early 20th century polemics within the Catholic Church, especially in France, as an epithet to describe those who opposed the "modernists" and sought to create a synthesis between Christian theology and the liberal philosophy of secular modernity. Integrism is often referred to as Catholic Integralism. Integrists taught that all social and political action ought to be based on the Catholic Faith. They rejected the separation of church and state, arguing that that Catholicism should be the proclaimed religion of the state.〔Krogt, Christopher van der. (Catholic Fundamentalism or Catholic Integralism? ) 〕 ==History== Many of the positions of integrism on the necessity of the subordination of state to the Church go back to the teachings of medieval popes such as Pope Gregory VII and Pope Boniface VIII. But Integrism in the strict sense came about as a reaction against the political and cultural changes which followed the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.〔Krogt, Christopher van der. (Catholic Fundamentalism or Catholic Integralism? ) page 125〕 The nineteenth century papacy challenged the growth of liberalism (with its doctrine of popular sovereignty) as well as new scientific and historical methods and theories (which were thought to threaten the special status of the Christian revelation). Pope Pius IX condemned a list of liberal and Enlightenment ideas in his Syllabus of Errors. The term Integrism did not, however, became popular till the time of Pope St. Pius X, whose papacy lasted from 1903 to 1914. Supporters of Pius X's encyclical ''Pascendi dominici gregis'', which condemned Modernism, called themselves ''Catholiques intégraux'' (integral Catholics), from which the word ''intégrisme'' (Integrism) and ''intégralisme'' (Integralism) were derived.〔Krogt, Christopher van der. (Catholic Fundamentalism or Catholic Integralism? ) page 124〕 One of the most important integrist organizations was the Sodalitium Pianum, known in France as ''La Sapinière'' (fir plantation), which was founded in 1909 by Umberto Benigni.〔Krogt, Christopher van der. (Catholic Fundamentalism or Catholic Integralism? ) pages 124-125〕 Integrists were originally ultramontane. But since the Second Vatican Council this has caused tensions within Integrism since the post-conciliar popes no-longer support Integrism. “Apart from the practical difficulties of bringing their ideals to fruition without hierarchical support, contemporary () face the problem of advocating for a maximal stance toward papal and hierarchical authority at a time when they are in tension with, if not outright opposition to, the pastoral and theological lines of that very authority.”〔Shadle, Matthew A. (The Paradoxes of Postmodern Integralism ).〕 This led some integrists, such as Marcel Lefebvre, to oppose the post-conciliar popes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Integrism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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