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The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971. It was the first commercially available microprocessor by Intel.〔http://www.intel.co.uk/content/www/uk/en/history/museum-story-of-intel-4004.html〕 The chip design started in April 1970, when Federico Faggin joined Intel, and it was completed under his leadership in January 1971. The first commercial sale of the fully operational 4004 occurred in March 1971 to Busicom Corp. of Japan for which it was originally designed and built as a custom chip.〔Faggin, F. (1992). "The Birth of the Microprocessor". ''Byte'', pp. 145–150, March 1992.〕 In mid-November of the same year, with the prophetic ad "''Announcing a new era in integrated electronics''", the 4004 was made commercially available to the general market. The 4004 was history’s first monolithic CPU, fully integrated in one small chip. Such a feat of integration was made possible by the use of the then-new silicon gate technology which allowed twice the number of random-logic transistors and an increase in speed by a factor of five compared to the incumbent technology. The 4004 microprocessor was one of 4 chips constituting the MCS-4 chip-set, which included the 4001 ROM, 4002 RAM, and 4003 Shift Register. With these components, small computers with varying amounts of memory and I/O facilities could be built. Three other CPU chip designs were done at about the same time: the Four-Phase System AL1, done in 1969; the MP944, completed in 1970 and used in the F-14 Tomcat fighter jet; and the Texas Instruments TMS1000 chip, announced in September 17, 1971. Both the AL1 and the MP944 used several chips for the implementation of the CPU function. The TMS 1000 chip, presented as a “calculator on a chip” with the designation TMS1802NC, was first used commercially in a TI calculator product introduced in 1972. This chip contained a very primitive CPU which could only implement a variety of simple 4-function calculations. It was the precursor of the TMS1000, introduced in 1974, which is considered the first microcontroller i.e., a computer on a chip containing not only the CPU, but also ROM, RAM, and I/O functions. The MCS-4 family of 4 chips developed by Intel, of which the 4004 was the CPU or microprocessor, was far more versatile and powerful than the single chip TMS1000, allowing the creation of a variety of small computers for various applications. The MCS-4 was eventually superseded by powerful microcontrollers like the Intel 8048 and the Zilog Z8 in 1978-1979. The architecture of this processor formed the basis for later models of microprocessors. ==History and production== The first public mention of 4004 was an advertisement in the November 15, 1971 edition of ''Electronic News'', though unconfirmed reports put the date of first delivery as early as March 1971. Packaged in a 16-pin ceramic dual in-line package, the 4004 was the first commercially available computer processor designed and manufactured by chip maker Intel, which had previously made semiconductor memory chips. The chief designers of the chip were Federico Faggin who created the design methodology and the silicon-based chip design, Ted Hoff who formulated the architecture, both of Intel, and Masatoshi Shima of Busicom who assisted in the development. Faggin, the sole chip designer among the engineers on the MCS-4 project, was the only one with experience in MOS random logic and circuit design. He also had the crucial knowledge of the new silicon gate process technology with self-aligned gates, which he had created at Fairchild in 1968. At Fairchild in 1968, Faggin also designed and manufactured the world's first commercial IC using SGT, the Fairchild 3708.〔(''Earliest Published Papers'' ), retrieved 2012 Jan 16〕 As soon as he joined the Intel MOS Department he created a new random logic design methodology based on silicon gate, and contributed many technology and circuit design inventions that enabled their single chip microprocessor to become a reality. His methodology set the design style for all the early Intel microprocessors and later for the Zilog Z80. He also led the MCS-4 project and was responsible for its successful outcome (1970–1971). Marcian "Ted" Hoff, head of the Application Research Department, contributed the architectural proposal for Busicom working with Stanley Mazor in 1969, then he moved on to other projects. When asked where he got the ideas for the architecture of the first microprocessor, Hoff related that Plessey, "a British tractor company",〔Possibly he had confused the Plessey name with that of Massey Ferguson, makers of agricultural machinery.〕 had donated a minicomputer to Stanford, and he had "played with it some" while he was there. Shima designed the Busicom calculator firmware and assisted Faggin during the first six months of the implementation. The manager of Intel's MOS Design Department was Leslie L. Vadász.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher= Intel4004.com )〕 At the time of the MCS-4 development, Vadasz's attention was completely focused on the mainstream business of semiconductor memories and he left the leadership and the management of the MCS-4 project to Faggin. Busicom had designed their own special-purpose LSI chipset for use in their Busicom 141-PF calculator with integrated printer, following the architectural model of the Olivetti Programma 101, the world’s first tabletop programmable calculator, introduced in 1965, and commissioned Intel to develop it for production. However, Intel determined it was too complex, since serial memories required more components, and would use 40 pins, a packaging standard different from Intel’s own 16-pin standard and so it was proposed that a new design produced with standard 16-pin DIP packaging and reduced instruction set be developed.,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Busicom 141-PF calculator and the Intel 4004 microprocessor )〕 using Intel’s newly developed dynamic RAM memory. This resulted in the 4004 architecture, which was part of a family of chips, including ROM, DRAM, and serial-to-parallel shift register chips. The 4004 was subsequently designed using silicon gate technology and built of approximately 2,300 transistors and was followed the next year by the first ever 8-bit microprocessor, the 3,500 transistor 8008 (and the 4040, a revised and improved 4004). It was not until the development of the 40-pin 8080 in 1974 that the address and data buses would be separated, giving faster and simpler access to memory. The 4004 employed a 10 µm process silicon-gate enhancement load pMOS technology and could execute approximately 92,000 instructions per second; a single instruction cycle was 10.8 microseconds. The original clock rate design goal was 1 MHz, the same as the IBM 1620 Model I. The Intel 4004 was designed by physically cutting sheets of Rubylith into thin strips to lay out the circuits to be printed, a process made obsolete by current computer graphic design capabilities. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Intel 4004」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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