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Intertextuality
Intertextuality is the shaping of a text's meaning by another text. Intertextual figures include: allusion, quotation, calque, plagiarism, translation, ''pastiche'' and parody.〔Gerard Genette (1997) ''Paratexts'' (p.18 )〕〔Hallo, William W. (2010) ''The World's Oldest Literature: Studies in Sumerian Belles-Lettres'' (p.608 )〕〔Cancogni, Annapaola (1985) (''The Mirage in the Mirror: Nabokov's Ada and Its French Pre-Texts'' ) pp.203-213〕 Intertextuality is a literary device that creates an ‘interrelationship between texts’ and generates related understanding in separate works (“Intertextuality”, 2015). These references are made to influence that reader and add layers of depth to a text, based on the readers’ prior knowledge and understanding. Intertextuality is a literary discourse strategy (Gadavanij, n.d.) utilised by writers in novels, poetry, theatre and even in non-written texts (such as performances and digital media). Examples of intertextuality are an author’s borrowing and transformation of a prior text, and a reader’s referencing of one text in reading another.
Intertextuality does not require citing or referencing punctuation (such as quotation marks) and is often mistaken for plagiarism (Ivanic, 1998). Intertextuality can be produced in texts using a variety of functions including allusion, quotation and referencing (Hebel, 1989). However, Intertextuality is not always intentional and can be utilised inadvertently.
The term “intertextuality” has, itself, been borrowed and transformed many times since it was coined by poststructuralist Julia Kristeva in 1966. As philosopher William Irwin wrote, the term “has come to have almost as many meanings as users, from those faithful to Kristeva’s original vision to those who simply use it as a stylish way of talking about allusion and influence.”〔Irwin,2, October 2004, pp. 227–242, 228.〕
==Types of intertextuality==
Intertextuality and intertextual relationships can be separated into three types: obligatory, optional and accidental (Fitzsimmons, 2013). These variations depend on two key factors: the intention of the writer, and the significance of the reference. For example: poet William Blake intentionally uses his knowledge of the Christian Bible and alludes to themes from this text using language such as ‘thee’, ‘thou’ and ‘thy’ (Kliese, 2013). There are also specific references to the ‘Lamb’ which are significant and vital to the reader in order for them to understand the contexts and purpose of the poem (Kliese, 2013). The distinctions between these types and those differences between categories are not absolute and exclusive (Miola, 2004) but instead, are manipulated in a way that allows them to co-exist within the same text.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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