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In Latin, ''invidia'' is the sense of envy or jealousy, a "looking upon" associated with the evil eye, from ''invidere'', "to look against, to look at in a hostile manner."〔''Oxford Latin Dictionary'', ''s.v.'' "invidere"; Kaster 2002 (see below) p 278 note 4.〕 ''Invidia'' ("Envy") is one of the Seven Deadly Sins in Christian belief. Invidia is also the Roman name for the ancient Greek goddess, Nemesis. ==''Invidia'' and magic== :''See also: Fascinus and the envious reproductive demons Abyzou and Gello.'' The material culture and literature of ancient Rome offer numerous examples of rituals and magic spells intended to avert ''invidia'' and the evil eye. When a Roman general celebrated a triumph, the Vestal Virgins suspended a ''fascinus'', or phallic effigy, under the chariot to ward off ''invidia''. Envy is the vice most associated with witches and magic. The witch's protruding tongue alludes to Ovid's Invidia who has a poisoned tongue.〔Ovid, ''Met'' 2.768〕 The witch and Invidia share a significant feature—the Evil Eye. The term ''invidia'' stems from the Latin ''invidere'', "to look too closely". One type of the aggressive gaze is the "biting eye", often associated with envy, and reflects the ancient belief that envy originates from the eyes.〔On the evil eye, see Hans Peter Broedel, The ''"Malleus Maleficarum"'' and the Construction of Witchcraft: Theology and Popular Belief (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2003), 23〕 Ovid feared that a witch who possessed eyes with double pupils would cast a burning fascination over his love affair.〔Ovid, ''Amores'' 1.8.15-16〕 ''Fascinare'' means to bewitch. Catullus in one of his love poems〔Catullus: 7.12〕 jokes nervously about ill wishers who might count the kisses he gives to his beloved and thus be able to "fascinate" the lovers with an evil, envious spell. A shepherd in one of Vergil's poems〔Vergil: ''Eclogues'' 3.102-103〕 looks at his lambs, all skin and bones, and concludes, "some eye or other is bewitching them (HREF="http://www.kotoba.ne.jp/word/11/wiktionary:fascinat" TITLE="wiktionary:fascinat">fascinat'' )"—to which the commentator Servius adds〔Servius, Commentary on Vergil, ''Eclogues'' 3.103〕 "(shepherd ) obliquely indicates that he has a handsome flock, since it was worth afflicting with the evil eye (HREF="http://www.kotoba.ne.jp/word/11/wiktionary:fascinari" TITLE="wiktionary:fascinari">fascinari'' )". Any unusual felicity or success was felt to be subject to the unspecific but powerful force of envy (HREF="http://www.kotoba.ne.jp/word/11/wiktionary:invidia" TITLE="wiktionary:invidia">invidia'' ). That is why everyone from soldiers to infants to triumphing generals needed a ''fascinum'', a remedy against the evil eye, an antidote, something that would make the evil wisher look away. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Invidia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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