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An ironworker is a tradesman (man or woman) who works in the ironworking industry. Ironworkers erect (or even dismantle) the structural steel framework of pre-engineered metal buildings, single and multi-story buildings, stadiums, arenas, hospitals, towers, wind turbines, and bridges. Ironworkers assemble the structural framework in accordance with engineered drawings.〔 Called a "Steel Erector" in Australia and New Zealand. Must be a qualified "Dogman" and "Rigger". Does not work with rebar as that is the "Steel Fixer's" job. A dogman or rigger may move the rebar bundles for the steel fixer. A steel fixer fixes steel only. 〕 Ironworkers also unload, place and tie reinforcing steel bars (rebar) as well as install post-tensioning systems, both of which give strength to the concrete used in piers, footings, slabs, buildings and bridges. Ironworkers load, unload, place and set machinery and equipment and operate power hoists, forklifts, and aerial lifts. They unload, place and fasten metal decking, safety netting and edge rails to facilitate safe working practices. Ironworkers finish buildings by erecting curtain wall and window wall systems, pre-cast concrete and stone, stairs and handrails, metal doors, sheeting and elevator fronts. Ironworkers perform all types of industrial maintenance as well.〔(Ironworker Career Profile )〕 Historically ironworkers mainly worked with wrought iron, but today they utilize many different materials including ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, glass, concrete and composites. ==History== Practically overnight, bridge carpenters became ironworkers during the 1880s. It was seen as a new, exciting job for pioneers in America despite its dangerous drawbacks. For about two dollars per day, a worker could risk his life on high structures. With the industrial revolution, the production of cast iron parts brought about the use of cranes. This heavy equipment was used in the early 1900s to construct high level structures. This new technology brought about a special form of trade workers called ironworkers. They used the crane to lift steel girders into place, and used rivets to connect the girders to the columns of a structure. The mortality rate of men working in this trade was the highest of all trades, and the ironworker could be lucky to go 10 years without a serious or fatal injury. In the late 19th century, the International Union of Ironworkers would emerge from concern for safety on-the-job and the lack of protection from employers. The Union's first order of business was to give widows of ironworkers $50 to cover the costs of a funeral and to give disabled ironworkers $5 a week to compensate for lost wages. With the increase in benefits from unionization, the Union greatly increased its presence in numbers in the early 1900s. Approximately 10,000 workers were considered Ironworkers through the Union.〔 In the early 1900s, during the third great immigration wave〔http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1999/3/99.03.01.x.html〕 the Ironworker wage in real 2010 US dollars was $9.50 (2010$) to $12 (2010$) per hour (40 to 50 cents an hour in 1900$). Following the imposition of immigration quotas in 1921〔 wages rose to $17.50 (2010$) an hour ($1.37) for a structural ironworker just prior to the Great Depression and the real wage subsequently only dropped 10% to $16.00 (2010$) ($1.05) given the deflation during the depression. However, following the wartime destruction of manufacturing complexes - with the exception of North America, 1956 wages for structural, ornamental, and rebar ironworkers rose to $27.30 (2010$) an hour ($3.40). By 1970, through the Coldwar buildup, iron worker wages peaked at $44.80 (2010$) ($7.97). Then - following the 1965 new immigration policy and the start of the fourth great migration wave 〔 - fell 10% to $40.38 (2010$) by 1980 ($15.26), and fell another 20% to $29.90 (2010$) per hour ($20.88) by 1990; comparable to the 50's wage rate. With the end of the Coldwar buildup in 1991, Ironworker rates have since stayed constant and were $29.30 (2010$) an hour ($24.15) in 2002. In 2010 the mean wage for Ohio ironworkers, both union and nonunion, is $24.66 per hour; the 75th percentile for the nation is 29.51〔http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472221.htm〕 - likely for the unionized workforce and indicates that for the past 20-years Ironworker wages have been stagnant for various reasons〔http://www.epi.org/publication/the_sad_but_true_story_of_wages_in_america/〕 - most prominently the offset in real wages created by debt, today 126% of income compared to 40% in 1952〔http://www.rapidtrends.com/private-debt-is-much-higher-now-than-during-the-great-depression/〕 allowing short-term survival on less than the living wage. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ironworker」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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