|
Iry-Hor or Ro (as read by the Egyptologist Flinders Petrie)〔Flinders Petrie: ''The Royal tombs of the earliest dynasties'', 1900, pp. 29 & 30, (available online ).〕 was a predynastic pharaoh of Upper Egypt during the 32nd century BC.〔 Until recently, Iry-Hor's existence was debated, with egyptologist Toby Wilkinson contesting the reading and signification of his name. However, continuing excavations at Abydos in the 1980s and 1990s〔〔Werner Kaiser, Günter Dreyer: ''Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof 5./6. Vorbericht'', in: ''Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo'' (MDAIK), 49, 1993, p. 56.〕〔Werner Kaiser, Günter Dreyer: ''Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof 7./8. Vorbericht'', in: ''Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo'' (MDAIK), 52, 1996, p. 48-57 and taf. 9.〕 and the discovery in 2012 of an inscription of Iry-Hor in the Sinai establish his existence.〔 Iry-Hor is the earliest ruler of Egypt known by name and possibly the earliest historical person known by name. ==Name == Iry-Hor's name is written with the Horus falcon hieroglyph (Gardiner sign G5) above a mouth hieroglyph (Gardiner D21). While the modern reading of the name is "Iry-Hor", Flinders Petrie, who discovered and excavated Iry-Hor's tomb at the end of the 19th century, read it "Ro", which was the usual reading of the mouth hieroglyph at the time.〔W.M.F. Petrie: ''Abydos I'', pp. 4–6.〕〔 Given the archaic nature of the name, the translation proved difficult and, in the absence of better alternative, Ludwig D. Morenz proposed that the literal translation be retained giving "Horus mouth".〔 In the 1990s, Werner Kaiser and Günter Dreyer translate Iry-Hor's name as "Companion of Horus".〔Werner Kaiser, Günter Dreyer: ''Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof : 2. Vorbericht'', in: ''Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo'' (MDAIK), 38. Ausgabe. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Abteilung (Hrsg.). de Gruyter, Berlin 1982, pp. 211–246.〕 Toby Wilkinson, who contested that Iry-Hor was a king, translated the signs as "Property of the king".〔 Following excavations at Abydos and the discovery of an inscription of Iry-Hor in the Sinai in 2012, Wilkinson's hypothesis is now rejected by most egyptologists and Iry-Hor is widely accepted as a predynastic king of Egypt.〔〔Edwin C. M. van den Brink: ''The incised serekh signs of Dynasties 0-1. Part I: complete vessels'', in: J. Spencer editions, ''Aspects of Early Egypt'' (1996), pp. 140-158, pl.s 24-32, London, British Museum Press, ISBN 978-0714109992.〕〔E.C.M van den Brink: ''The incised serekh signs of Dynasties 0-1. Part II: Fragments and Additional Complete Vessels'', (available online ).〕 The egyptologists Jürgen von Beckerath and Peter Kaplony initially also rejected the identification of Iry-Hor as a king and proposed instead that the known inscriptions refer to a private person whose name is to be read Wer-Ra, ''wr-r3'' (litt. "Great mouth"), i.e. reading the bird above the mouth-sign as the swallow hieroglyph G36 rather than the Horus falcon. They translated the name as "Spokesman" or "Chief".〔Peter Kaplony: ''Inschriften der Ägyptischen Frühzeit'', vol. 1, p. 468〕 However continuing excavations of Iry-Hor's tomb at Abydos by Günter Dreyer established that the tomb was of similar dimensions and layout as those of Ka and Narmer and must thus have belonged to a king. This was consequently accepted by von Beckerath and Iry-Hor is now the first entry in the latest edition of von Beckerath's ''Handbook of Egyptian Pharaohs''.〔Jürgen von Beckerath: ''Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen'', Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, (available online ) see p. 9 and 36-37〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Iry-Hor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|