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Henrik Johan Ibsen (;〔("Ibsen" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 ; 20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) was a major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as "the father of realism" and is one of the founders of Modernism in theatre.〔On Ibsen's role as "father of modern drama," see ; on Ibsen's relationship to modernism, see Moi (2006, 1-36)〕 His major works include ''Brand'', ''Peer Gynt'', ''An Enemy of the People'', ''Emperor and Galilean'', ''A Doll's House'', ''Hedda Gabler'', ''Ghosts'', ''The Wild Duck'', ''Rosmersholm'', and ''The Master Builder''. He is the most frequently performed dramatist in the world after Shakespeare,〔(shakespearetheatre.org )〕〔(norway.lk )〕 and ''A Doll's House'' became the world's most performed play by the early 20th century.〔Bonnie G. Smith, "A Doll's House", in ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History'', Vol. 2, p. 81, Oxford University Press〕 Several of his later dramas were considered scandalous to many of his era, when European theatre was expected to model strict morals of family life and propriety. Ibsen's later work examined the realities that lay behind many façades, revealing much that was disquieting to many contemporaries. It utilized a critical eye and free inquiry into the conditions of life and issues of morality. The poetic and cinematic early play ''Peer Gynt'', however, has strong surreal elements.〔Klaus Van Den Berg, "Peer Gynt" (review), Theatre Journal 58.4 (2006) 684-687〕 Ibsen is often ranked as one of the truly great playwrights in the European tradition.〔Valency, Maurice. The Flower and the Castle. Schocken, 1963.〕 Richard Hornby describes him as "a profound poetic dramatist—the best since Shakespeare".〔Richard Hornby, Ibsen Triumphant, The Hudson Review, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Winter, 2004), pp. 685-691〕 He is widely regarded as the most important playwright since Shakespeare.〔 He influenced other playwrights and novelists such as George Bernard Shaw, Oscar Wilde, Arthur Miller, James Joyce, Eugene O'Neill and Miroslav Krleža. Ibsen was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902, 1903 and 1904.〔(nobelprize.org )〕 Ibsen wrote his plays in Danish (the common written language of Denmark and Norway)〔Danish language was the written language of both Denmark and Norway at the time, although it was referred to as Norwegian in Norway and occasionally included some minor differences from the language used in Denmark. Ibsen occasionally used some Norwegianisms in his early work, but in his later work wrote a more standardised Danish, as his plays were published by a Danish publisher and marketed at both Norwegian and Danish audiences in its original language. Cf. 〕 and they were published by the Danish publisher Gyldendal. Although most of his plays are set in Norway—often in places reminiscent of Skien, the port town where he grew up—Ibsen lived for 27 years in Italy and Germany, and rarely visited Norway during his most productive years. Born into a merchant family connected to the patriciate of Skien, his dramas were shaped by his family background. He was the father of Prime Minister Sigurd Ibsen. Ibsen's dramas continue in their influence upon contemporary culture and film with notable film productions including ''A Doll's House'' featuring Jane Fonda and ''A Master Builder'' featuring Wallace Shawn. ==Early life== Ibsen was born to Knud Ibsen (1797–1877) and Marichen Altenburg (1799–1869), a well-to-do merchant family, in the small port town of Skien in Telemark county, a city which was noted for shipping timber. As he wrote in an 1882 letter to critic and scholar Georg Brandes, "my parents were members on both sides of the most respected families in Skien", explaining that he was closely related with "just about all the patrician families who then dominated the place and its surroundings", mentioning the families Paus, Plesner, von der Lippe, Cappelen and Blom.〔(ibsen.uio.no )〕〔Haugen (1979: 23)〕 Ibsen's grandfather, ship captain Henrich Ibsen (1765–1797), had died at sea in 1797, and Knud Ibsen was raised on the estate of ship-owner Ole Paus (1776–1855), after his mother Johanne, Plesner (1770–1847), remarried. Knud Ibsen's half brothers included lawyer and politician Christian Cornelius Paus, banker and ship-owner Christopher Blom Paus, and lawyer Henrik Johan Paus, who grew up with Ibsen's mother in the Altenburg home and after whom Henrik (Johan) Ibsen was named. Knud Ibsen's paternal ancestors were ship captains of Danish origin, but he decided to become a merchant, having initial success. His marriage to Marichen Altenburg, a daughter of ship-owner Johan Andreas Altenburg (1763–1824) and Hedevig Christine Paus (1763–1848), was a successful match.〔 Theodore Jorgenson points out that "Henrik's ancestry () reached back into the important Telemark family of Paus both on the father's and on the mother's side. Hedvig Paus must have been well known to the young dramatist, for she lived until 1848."〔Theodore Jorgenson (1945). ''Henrik Ibsen: life and drama''. Northfield, Minnesota: St. Olaf College Press〕 Henrik Ibsen was fascinated by his parents' "strange, almost incestuous marriage," and would treat the subject of incestuous relationships in several plays, notably his masterpiece ''Rosmersholm''.〔Ferguson p. 280〕 When Henrik Ibsen was around seven years old, however, his father's fortunes took a significant turn for the worse, and the family was eventually forced to sell the major Altenburg building in central Skien and move permanently to their small summer house, Venstøp, outside of the city.〔Michael Meyers. ''Henrik Ibsen'', Chapter one.〕 Henrik's sister Hedvig would write about their mother: "She was a quiet, lovable woman, the soul of the house, everything to her husband and children. She sacrificed herself time and time again. There was no bitterness or reproach in her."〔Michael Meyers. ''Henrick Ibsen''. Chapter one.〕〔Hans Bernhard Jaeger, ''Henrik Ibsen, 1828-1888: et literært livsbillede'', Copenhagen, Gyldendal, 1888〕 The Ibsen family eventually moved to a city house, Snipetorp, owned by Knud Ibsen's half-brother, wealthy banker and ship-owner Christopher Blom Paus.〔 His father's financial ruin would have a strong influence on Ibsen's later work; the characters in his plays often mirror his parents, and his themes often deal with issues of financial difficulty as well as moral conflicts stemming from dark secrets hidden from society. Ibsen would both model and name characters in his plays after his own family. A central theme in Ibsen's plays is the portrayal of suffering women, echoing his mother Marichen Altenburg; Ibsen's sympathy with women would eventually find significant expression with their portrayal in dramas such as ''A Doll's House'' and ''Rosmersholm''.〔 At fifteen, Ibsen was forced to leave school. He moved to the small town of Grimstad to become an apprentice pharmacist and began writing plays. In 1846, when Ibsen was age 18, a liaison with a servant produced an illegitimate child, whose upbringing Ibsen had to pay for until the boy was in his teens, though Ibsen never saw the boy. Ibsen went to Christiania (later renamed Kristiania and then Oslo) intending to matriculate at the university. He soon rejected the idea (his earlier attempts at entering university were blocked as he did not pass all his entrance exams), preferring to commit himself to writing. His first play, the tragedy ''Catilina'' (1850), was published under the pseudonym "Brynjolf Bjarme", when he was only 22, but it was not performed. His first play to be staged, ''The Burial Mound'' (1850), received little attention. Still, Ibsen was determined to be a playwright, although the numerous plays he wrote in the following years remained unsuccessful.〔Michael Meyes. ''Henrik Ibsen.'' Chapters corresponding to individual early plays.〕 Ibsen's main inspiration in the early period, right up to ''Peer Gynt'', was apparently Norwegian author Henrik Wergeland and the Norwegian folk tales as collected by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe. In Ibsen's youth, Wergeland was the most acclaimed, and by far the most read, Norwegian poet and playwright. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Henrik Ibsen」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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